Hunting And Gathering

Croix defends approach to administering missions in Sonora, arguing that missions and missionaries receive sufficient funds, are not suffering as purported. Contends missionaries should not expect Indians to cultivate land because climate does not support activity, and Indians accustomed to fishing, gathering yerbas y raizes. states that while missionaries have not received everything requested, certainly have not been ignored in manner conveyed by Prestamero (See ff 63-100). Croix cites cedulas, particularly that of 8-5-73, as precedent for present decisions. Criticizes missionaries' punishing of Indians for not attending rosario, Misa y doctrina, for getting drunk, refusing to work en los Bienes de la comunidad que Se llaman temporalidades, and for leaving village sin expresa licencia de Sus padres ministros. fiscal declares Croix has satisfied Prestamero's complaints perfectamente (Oficio summarizes issue, provides some background, folios 121-123.), that law of 8-5-73 not meant to discriminate against Franciscanos, and missionaries should not enforce abovementioned rules so that Indians no imaginen Pesado el suabe yugo de cristianismo. (L. Kerr, April 1989)

Population census from San Ildephonso de la Cieneguilla carried out by governor Crespo in 1774-1775. It consists of a list of men, women, and children. An estimation of the number of Hiaqui and Pima Indians is also given. Tueros requests Bucareli not move him from Cieneguillas to el Pitic. Informes from Michelena, Maitorena, and Bergana to Crespo concerning the condition of commerce in los Placeres. All of them emphasize that the condition of production of los Placeres decreases from may to October because the Indians go to the hills and the Spaniards engage in agriculture tasks. Includes a report from Crespo dealing with the mine, commerce, population and agricultural conditions of los Placeres. (R. Gomez, November 1989)

Concerns notification by Corbalan and Borfa to Bucareli about Sibubapa Indians behavior at Zuaqui. Borfa says he cannot retain Sibubapas Indians near the mission at Zuaqui. Sibubapis go to the mountains and hills in order to hunt and gather food since the mission does not have enough food to feed them. Sibubapas are described as being reticent to attend Christian mass. Copies of documents concerning notifications of construction of a church for Seris Indians at el Pitic, and rebuilding another one for Sibubapas at Zuaqui Pueblo. (R. Gomez, November, 1989)

All Seris except Chepillo and family flee Pitic on July 15, 1790. Chepillo imprisoned. Detachment sent to Cerro Prieto to find and reconcile ingrates, begin new reduccion. Since Seris aren't raiding, revealing location, troop can't find them. With Seris gone, Ugarte y Loyola cuts off supplies ordered by bishop of Sonora for Seri mission. Francisco, two envoys come to Pitic to negotiate better arrangement. Seris want independent nation, to trade fish, antelope with Spaniards for grain, to participate in christianity only when they want. No deal made, but Seris start appearing for mass at Banamichi. Mora named missionary there. Seris slowly trickle back to Pitic. Occasional brief references to plan for staging campaign against frontier Apaches. 450 men, including Opatas, Pimas reserved for fighting. (A. Dean, may 1989)

Sierra Blanca, Sacramento Apaches come to El Paso to exchange work for food. Barrio, his band trade gourds, antelope, bison meat for corn and beans. Letter from Ugarte y Loyola stating orders to discourage open trade at presidios, be wary of friendly advances. In later letter (earlier on reel) he contemplates strengthening commerce away from presidio with trading post near Apache camp. Calvo acting as go between for Spanish, Apache Capitancillos. Report of good relations with Navajos, Comanches, Utes, Xicarillas. Only two thefts in north Nueva Mexico since November, by Natages. Concha has arrived at treaty with Gilenos. Draft of letter praising new peace, but outbreaks of fearing hostility now that Gilenos, their arch enemies are all allies of Spanish. (A. Dean, April 1989)

Uranga has spoken with Barrio, Calvo, who want peace. Problems finding competent interpreter to aid negotiations. Calvo says there is good Spanish captain, who has arranged peace with Mezcaleros near Norte. Barrio's band organized to make Mescal, hunt deer while he deals with Uranga. Mention of Calvo's men tracking thieves of oxen from Robledo ranches. Emissaries of virrey sent to negotiate. (A. Dean, March 1989)

Concerns conflict of authority between military officials; woman is kept in captivity; Indians complain of mistreatment by Munoz and ask for his removal so problems between Indians and Spaniards will stop; very detailed narration of Indians being killed by government troops who went in their pursuit, indio Tomas is interrogated under oath, he describes how Indians survived and attacked the Spaniards; Indian prisoner gives account of how Indians planned attack against Spaniards, some Indian nations colluded to attack Spaniards in conjunction and trade items among themselves; report on Indian child being interrogated by Spaniard (text of the interrogation is included); diaries of the pursuit of Indians is sent to the viceroy, chart about the final result of the campaign is included here, chart shows number of Indians and soldiers who were killed in combat, ammunition, weapons used, horses, mules etc.; governor certifies the public exhibition of genitals and limbs of Indians killed in combat during campaign; letter is sent to the viceroy praising heroic action of captain Bustamante against Indian rebels in Palo Blanco; chart showing the general military status of San Antonio de Bexar, chart includes list of military officials and soldiers, horses, mules and different kinds of weapons; statistical chart showing population of the pueblos of Nuevo Santander, its missions and population in every city and town; complete review is carried out of the presidios of the province of Nuevo Santander, report about the visita is sent to the viceroy, report takes into account physical aspects, military conditions, troop's health situation, description of the valleys, rivers and strategic position of presidios. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Concerns publication (book ?), of administrative proceedures sent from conde de Galvez to Ugarte y Loyola regarding the governing of Provincias Internas del oriente and Occidente. Specificies the kind of events the commanders of each province muist report back. Document comprises gives a break down of the many characteristics that Spanish colonization implemented in the conquest of Indian territories. Strategies of the conquest are explained in this document, such as use of Indian controversies to facilitate their reduction. History of how the conquest began is given. Document explains trade Spaniards had with some Indian nations in order to subjugate them. Specific indications of what type of activities were allowed for Indians under Spaniard's domination is given. Characteristics of several Indian nations are provided, such as which one was friendly and/or hostile. (this document is a very important summary of almost all kind of activities the Spanish conqueror had to implement in their fight against tricks used, legislation among provinces, judicial organization, religious strategies etc. Etc.). (M. Marroquin, June 1989)

Correspondence between virrey and gobernador of Nuevo Santander regarding various military procedural matters; many letters acknowledging receipt of and sending of other letters, not all present; one Series of letters (not in chronological order) regards Indian who steals horses and is eventually killed by Indians of another tribe for disturbing peace; several refer to Indian raids; some letters negotiating salary of Echeagaray the new gobernador; woman referred to as wife of soldier, pasajera, Indian girl; some letters about wrongful treatment of Indians under command of tenientes who are not trustworthy, reprimands, and requests for changed behavior; rancher's account of encounter with Indians he believes killed someone; daily life described in scenario preceding Vaqueros' encounter with Indians, ending up with death of Indians; brief mention of subsistence restrictions placed on Indians (f.280); F. 279 interesting letter; drought referred to in terms of delayed travel plans; all documents in Series interrelated and mixed up. (D. J. McClelland, November 1988)

Series of documents dealing with the pacification of the Mescalero Apaches. Discussion of methods to assist them in sedentary agricultural life, and Apaches complain they like to move around in their hunting and gathering ways of life. There is also discussion of restricting Indian movements by requiring travel permits. there is also discussion of the revolt of some Mimbrenos and Mescaleros in which some soldiers were killed; Ugarte mobilizes his troops and some Indian auxiliaries in attempt to control rebel Indians. In some letters there is also discussion of fomenting animosity between the different Indian groups so they can be better controlled. (J. Tapia, September, 1987)