Indians (Intertribal Relations)

Detailed testimony of Moreno. Notes that Indian spies keep apprised of affairs by posing as day workers in presidios and villages. Detailed discussion of Rio's and Moreno's crimes, including affirmative testimonies by other Spanish. Other Indians (tortuga, Luis, Bustamante) are convicted of spying and rebellion. Details Apache subsistence-- planting of corn, beans squash, eating of robbed horses and cattle. Meat distributed by leader Calaxtrin in times of need-- notes differential distribution of horse meat by occupation. Records that Apaches do not have formal homes (with exception of Calaxtrin, who has Adobe). Describes Apache movement for water by moon phases and hostilities, and how Apaches recover their dead to bury in Sierra Chivato. Recounts Apache 3 day use of hallucinogenic Peyote after a raid in which Apaches kill horses to cripple forces, eat neck meat of horse, break joints of cadavers and bury cadavers in a round pit covered with soil and rocks. Account of typical Spanish weaponry (shields, leather jackets, whips (?), fire, pikes) and of Indian weaponry (bow and arrow). Detailed account of Indian battle tactics and sale of robbed horses to the north. Mines at real del oro (?) Closed due to Indian threat. (S. Gibbs September 1989)

Fayni tells Bucareli of Apache-Tarahumara union and joint depredations near Chihuahua 1772-75. Bucareli notes that because laws protect Indians, individual sedicion is preferable to mass reduccion. Request that Indian prisoners be moved from overcrowded Chihuahua jail to Guadalaxara for confessions. expresses intent to construct more jails. (S. Gibbs, September 1989)

Documents concerning granting peace to Mescaleros so they can be used against other Mescaleros and Gilenos. Discussion of relocating several military troops to enhance effectiveness against enemy Indians, without increasing number of soldiers. There is also discussion of advantages and disadvantages of forming Opata military troop. (J. Tapia, November, 1987)

Series of documents dealing with killing and capture of enemy Apaches by peaceful ones; more Apaches seek peace as result of this raid; several Opata auxiliaries participated in attack. Discussion of buying horses for peaceful Apaches to encourage them to continue hostilities against enemy ones. Copies of these actions sent to different officials. (J. Tapia, October, 1987)

Series of documents concerning Apache raids in Julimes, Guadalupe, Guanacevi, Conchos, Huejuquilla, and San Luis. Diaz includes informes of these attacks sent to him by various justicia mayores. horses and cattle were stolen during raids, and several civilians as well as some Tarahumaras were killed and taken captives by Apaches. (J. Tapia, October, 1987)

Diaz informs viceroy of Indian attacks to several towns. Soldiers and civilians are killed, and some horses stolen by Apaches. Several taruhumares killed by Apaches in Joya. (J. Tapia, October, 1987)

Concerns Series of autos explaining conflicts between Caudillo and Indians from missions, due to disagreements on result of elections for local government officials. Circumstances in which Caudillo Ramirez abused other Indians given. Ramirez is acquitted. (M. Marroquin, August 1989)

Concerns publication (book ?), of administrative proceedures sent from conde de Galvez to Ugarte y Loyola regarding the governing of Provincias Internas del oriente and Occidente. Specificies the kind of events the commanders of each province muist report back. Document comprises gives a break down of the many characteristics that Spanish colonization implemented in the conquest of Indian territories. Strategies of the conquest are explained in this document, such as use of Indian controversies to facilitate their reduction. History of how the conquest began is given. Document explains trade Spaniards had with some Indian nations in order to subjugate them. Specific indications of what type of activities were allowed for Indians under Spaniard's domination is given. Characteristics of several Indian nations are provided, such as which one was friendly and/or hostile. (this document is a very important summary of almost all kind of activities the Spanish conqueror had to implement in their fight against tricks used, legislation among provinces, judicial organization, religious strategies etc. Etc.). (M. Marroquin, June 1989)

Extracts from Loyola's general report Mar-December 1788 including military reports from subordinates in New Mexico, N. Vizcaya, Sonora. Includes campaign diary of Romero and Echeagaray in Sonora (mar-apr). Mentions Opatas inclusion in military force. from Bavispe. Table summarizes battle statistics by region and Indian group. Campaign diary of Elquezabal jun-July 1788 near Norte. Table shows organization of force into companies, lists officers and company size. Drought forces dispersal of troops, ends campaign. Loyola documents movement of Sonoran troops in mountains Sacramento and San Francisco, relates Apache Gileno and Taraumara thefts, murders, attacks, Mule train assaults. Encloses copy Martinez' report from Chihuahua, details Spanish attacks, prisoner taking, beast confiscation from Indians. Brief mention of lesson learned from Chiricagui campaign of mentions plan to join forces with Echeagaray to make mountain campaign. Ugarte y Loyola also reports impossibility of stopping attacks, because Indians attack small defenseless parties (eg woodcutters) elaborates on Indian murders, beast killings, thefts by Apaches Mescaleros in Nueva Vizcaya, summarizes Indian damages by province, Indian group, type of depredation and number hurt. Submits report of Ortega's October 1788 campaign in Sierra Escondida against Apaches. Details tracking and persecution, Spanish custom of decapitating enemy corpses for trophy heads. Relates depredations in San Juan Baptista del Rio, reports use of companias volantes against Apaches Mescaleros. Remarks that because Ugalde's eastern campaign is tying up so many troops, western campaign is forced to make smaller forays. Ugarte y Loyola augments force at Pueblo del Gallo, mentions Taraumara hostilities in Cianori. Martinez report from Sacramento mountains outlines force organization in table, gives daily report, detailing route taken and tracking activities, names officers, tallies weight of supplies carried by each company, mentions use of Opatas in force, notes custom of turning in Indian ears as battle trophies, laments paucity of pasture and water due to drought. Includes table of wounded and sick. Medina reports Indian attacks on sheperds near Mapimi (August 1788). Latter folios concern Echeagaray's forays with presidial troops from Santa Cruz against Apaches, Gilenos, Mimbrenos, and yutaquenos. Mentions Mescal as sustenance, and use of Apache and Opata auxiliaries. Details route taken, use of women (Indian ?) As guides. Tables summarize battle statistics and list Apache inhabitants of Bacoachic. (S. Gibbs, March 1988)

Ugarte y Loyola submits month by month report to virrey of Indian depredations and military counterattacks in Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Mexico, Sonora (jan-April 1788). Detailed, extensive report of Spanish - Indian relations & of intertribal relations. Reports general decline in number and severity of hostilities; notes that Apaches Gilenos and Taraumares are groups responsible for robberies and murders that do occur. Reports Apache murders and attacks and Taraumara equipment and food thefts. Relates how ranch Owner, upon killing an Apache in self defense, presents Head to captain. Mentions use of Opatas for tracking in presidial forces of Nueva Vizcaya. Describes Rengel's New Mexico force as composed of presidial troops, vecinos, Indians Xicarillas and Comanches. Relates Rengel's anti-Apache campaign in New Mexico, tallies Spanish murders of Indians, confiscations of property, taking of captives. Details Marrujo's massacres with 2nd compania volante. Reports joining of 2nd compania volante with presidial troops of Janos and San Buenaventura under Cordero to attack Gilenos in Sierra San Miguel. Mentions winter rain and snow as hindrance to winter campaign in mountains. Concludes with table of casualties and robberies by Indian group and province. (S. Gibbs, March 1988)