Cattle

Discusses settling of Indian groups in Nuevo Santander; review of locations and Indians in each area. Need for greater defence of missions. In order to reduce Indians, need to dominate Indians through punishment, and food distribution. Discussion of seeds and cattle for food production and surplus need to keep accounts of agricultural production and livestock; also tells whether rainfall or irrigation agriculture practiced and future possibilities. Indians described as deserters and apostates who are causing damage in northern provinces. Mention of frey Rodriguez' request for mission. Description of ethnic groups and population of rancherias, their water source and suggestion of moving Indians to three new settlements between Padilla and Guemes or take advantage of irrigation. (L. L. Woodward, may 1989)

Concerns division and distribution of Reynera hacienda lands and livestock among settlers which belong to California missions. (L. L. Woodward, may 1989)

Testimonies on state of missions in Nuevo Santander provide of Indians at mission and identification of their ethnic group, number of Indians christianized, inventory of livestock, political offices held by Indians, amount of land owned, description of agricultural production, quality of soil, rainfall or irrigation specified. Mention of group of Sierra tamualipan Vieja, mention of Mesquites' participation in dances, Mitotes, drinking, and Peyote use, and also past harmful behavior before making peace. Robbery by several Indian groups. Discussion of need for more soldiers to punish Indians who stray from towns and missions. Possibilities of use of cotton and sugar Cane. Also provides information of number of soldiers stationed at missions, military expenses for salaries and supplies, sinodo expenses, and commercial endeavors such as sale of hides. (L. L. Woodward, may 1989)

Concerns Nuevo Santander and Huasteca livestock, especially cattle. Arana complains of problems of people selling stolen cattle to new settlers, as he suffered fraud in exchange of livestock. Arecheo and buacareli believe insisting on branding licenses would cause problems. Sierra Gorda confirms Arana's complaint that region abounds in thieves selling what is not theirs to strangers, advises punishing them. Need to Aquire cows and Mares for region; need to register brands. Mention of docility of Indians in region. (L. L. Woodward, November 1988)

Concerns publication (book ?), of administrative proceedures sent from conde de Galvez to Ugarte y Loyola regarding the governing of Provincias Internas del oriente and Occidente. Specificies the kind of events the commanders of each province muist report back. Document comprises gives a break down of the many characteristics that Spanish colonization implemented in the conquest of Indian territories. Strategies of the conquest are explained in this document, such as use of Indian controversies to facilitate their reduction. History of how the conquest began is given. Document explains trade Spaniards had with some Indian nations in order to subjugate them. Specific indications of what type of activities were allowed for Indians under Spaniard's domination is given. Characteristics of several Indian nations are provided, such as which one was friendly and/or hostile. (this document is a very important summary of almost all kind of activities the Spanish conqueror had to implement in their fight against tricks used, legislation among provinces, judicial organization, religious strategies etc. Etc.). (M. Marroquin, June 1989)

Extracts from Loyola's general report Mar-December 1788 including military reports from subordinates in New Mexico, N. Vizcaya, Sonora. Includes campaign diary of Romero and Echeagaray in Sonora (mar-apr). Mentions Opatas inclusion in military force. from Bavispe. Table summarizes battle statistics by region and Indian group. Campaign diary of Elquezabal jun-July 1788 near Norte. Table shows organization of force into companies, lists officers and company size. Drought forces dispersal of troops, ends campaign. Loyola documents movement of Sonoran troops in mountains Sacramento and San Francisco, relates Apache Gileno and Taraumara thefts, murders, attacks, Mule train assaults. Encloses copy Martinez' report from Chihuahua, details Spanish attacks, prisoner taking, beast confiscation from Indians. Brief mention of lesson learned from Chiricagui campaign of mentions plan to join forces with Echeagaray to make mountain campaign. Ugarte y Loyola also reports impossibility of stopping attacks, because Indians attack small defenseless parties (eg woodcutters) elaborates on Indian murders, beast killings, thefts by Apaches Mescaleros in Nueva Vizcaya, summarizes Indian damages by province, Indian group, type of depredation and number hurt. Submits report of Ortega's October 1788 campaign in Sierra Escondida against Apaches. Details tracking and persecution, Spanish custom of decapitating enemy corpses for trophy heads. Relates depredations in San Juan Baptista del Rio, reports use of companias volantes against Apaches Mescaleros. Remarks that because Ugalde's eastern campaign is tying up so many troops, western campaign is forced to make smaller forays. Ugarte y Loyola augments force at Pueblo del Gallo, mentions Taraumara hostilities in Cianori. Martinez report from Sacramento mountains outlines force organization in table, gives daily report, detailing route taken and tracking activities, names officers, tallies weight of supplies carried by each company, mentions use of Opatas in force, notes custom of turning in Indian ears as battle trophies, laments paucity of pasture and water due to drought. Includes table of wounded and sick. Medina reports Indian attacks on sheperds near Mapimi (August 1788). Latter folios concern Echeagaray's forays with presidial troops from Santa Cruz against Apaches, Gilenos, Mimbrenos, and yutaquenos. Mentions Mescal as sustenance, and use of Apache and Opata auxiliaries. Details route taken, use of women (Indian ?) As guides. Tables summarize battle statistics and list Apache inhabitants of Bacoachic. (S. Gibbs, March 1988)

Ugarte y Loyola submits month by month report to virrey of Indian depredations and military counterattacks in Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Mexico, Sonora (jan-April 1788). Detailed, extensive report of Spanish - Indian relations & of intertribal relations. Reports general decline in number and severity of hostilities; notes that Apaches Gilenos and Taraumares are groups responsible for robberies and murders that do occur. Reports Apache murders and attacks and Taraumara equipment and food thefts. Relates how ranch Owner, upon killing an Apache in self defense, presents Head to captain. Mentions use of Opatas for tracking in presidial forces of Nueva Vizcaya. Describes Rengel's New Mexico force as composed of presidial troops, vecinos, Indians Xicarillas and Comanches. Relates Rengel's anti-Apache campaign in New Mexico, tallies Spanish murders of Indians, confiscations of property, taking of captives. Details Marrujo's massacres with 2nd compania volante. Reports joining of 2nd compania volante with presidial troops of Janos and San Buenaventura under Cordero to attack Gilenos in Sierra San Miguel. Mentions winter rain and snow as hindrance to winter campaign in mountains. Concludes with table of casualties and robberies by Indian group and province. (S. Gibbs, March 1988)

Detailed accounts of Apache, Taraumara and Mezcalero depredations around Durango oct-December 1788. Mostly copies of military reports from regional officials to Diaz de Hortega. Reports livestock thefts of burros, horses, mules, cattle and oxen, wasteful killing of livestock, maize seed and harvest theft (numerous times), general theft, highway assaults, murders of men, women, children, kidnappings, and flayings. Specific account of Indians who stole clothes from bathing women and later wounded or killed the women. Precise casualty and damage statistics in narrative form. Cites depressed mine commerce and Vecino hacienda abandonment as results of depredations. Repreated complaints about Vecino abandonment; observation made that abandonment encourages more attacks which in turn force abandonment. Virrey Flores responds, agreeing that Vecino abandonment fuels further depredations, but declares that without Vecino defense support, merely increasing military force will not reduce Indian incursions. Virrey encourages use of auxiliaries and vecinos for defense. Brief mention of Indian battle tactic wherein Indians outflank Spanish and then attack. (S. Gibbs, February 1988)

Detailed military reports of Apache and Taraumara depredations around Durango (1788) including 1) damage descriptions, 2) results of hostilities, 3) steps taken to end depredations, 4) details of military movements. Relates Indian attack on armed exploratory group, robberies of silver, livestock, maize harvests, corn seeds, tools, guns and cloaks. Mentions kidnapping of women, murders and flayings, needless scattering of seeds and wasteful killing of livestock (thus sharpening food shortage). Notes drought. Detailed description of incident in which unidentified Indian group traps women in a house, sets house on fire, and strips those trying to escape. Cites village abandonment and disruption of carbon and seed trade routes as corregidor grants license to exterminate Indians. Notes Spanish burning and flaying of Taraumara captives. Virrey emphasizes need to increase confidence and hope in vecinos to avoid further depopulation; orders publication of Bando to this effect. Virrey also suggests reopening of military post at Noria to help defend Babonoyaba. Military concerns include augmentation of regular army by hacienda, Vecino and Indian auxiliaries. Special mention of Rancho owners supplying armed, mounted men for retaliation purposes. Attempt to set up efficient vecino-based campaign fails because of 1) laziness of vecinos and 2)sluggishness and ineffective leadership of Cassanova. Compania de dragones established for insolvents. Detailed record of inter-presidial troop movements. Precise numerical record of troop sizes and casualties. Repeated citation of failure to track Indians or to re-obtain stolen goods. Unsuccessful tracking blamed on tracks obscured by rain and laziness of vecinos. In general, documents in chronological order with a lot of content repitition due to sequential placement of original and copy. (S. Gibbs February, 1988)

Administrative letters from Echegaray to Ugalde concerning provision purchases of livestock, fruits and nuts; military expeditions in search of Indian rebellions; peace negotiations; military deserters; jurisdiction instructions for Linares; and a loan from Faboada to Ramirez. (E. Wilson, August 1989)