Indians (Intertribal Relations)

Documents concerning peace negotiations, conoso's band at Espiritu Santo; Pino Blanco's, Calbo's bands at San Antonio Bejar. F.361 mentions irreconciliable hatred between Lipanes and friendly Indians of north; suggests that if such hatred were encouraged Indians would be too busy with each other to bother Spanish, but general theme of letter is toward reconciliation, reduccion. F.364 mentions reduccion of Lipiyanes at Norte, Lipanes at Rio Colorado. F.365 has some physical description of Mescaleros. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Letters concerning raids by Lipanes, joined by Mezcaleros supposedly peaceful; peace negotiations proceeding through Pino Blanco, Canoso, Bilcusatliche, Jacinto. F.330 mentions names of Comanche capitanes who provide Spanish with information on location of Lipanes. F.345 mention trading mules, horses, wheat with Lipanes. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Informe from Castro to Revilla Gigedo documenting hostilities by Lipanes as reason not to negotiate peace with them. Shorter letters among Revilla Gigedo, Merino, Nava concerning peace negotiations at presidio del Norte despite Castro's reservations. Letter from Nava describing history of peaceful relations with other tribes, beginning equally violently, but now successful; asks to desregard Castro's objections, negotiate anyway. Quite a lot of detail of specific incidents (raids, trading, etc), but mostly redundant documents. F.254 list of specific affronts by Lipanes, Mescaleros, including place, date occurring. F.255 el Lipiyan Capitancillo de toda la Apacheria conocido en la Vizcaya Por el Nombre de 'el Calvo' . . . . mentions Comanche Capitancillos reporting to Spaniards how Apaches keep supply of powder, bullets. F.257 mentions Lipanes trading with French. F.259 mentions el Calvo's Apache name is Picax-Ande, translated as brazo Fuerte. F.286 mentions Mezcaleros being provided with arms, livestock, wheat from presidio del Norte. F.294 mentions Lipanes trading their plunder with Indians to the north. F.302 mentions Mimbrenos, Gilenos, Mezcaleros in reduccion since 1790, Chiricahuas since 1786. V. 307 discusses treaties among Nabajoes, Chiricahuas, Gilenos, Mimbrenos, Mescaleros. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Clear, well-written letter from Castro to Revilla Gigeda expressing Castro's disapproval of peace negotiations with Lipanes. F.239 mentions eight Lipanes appearing at Norte to negotiate, having already made independent treaties with comandante generals of Texas, Coahuila. F.242 says no hay duda que la congregacion Lipana Es el Brazo derecho de la Apacheria . . . . this reads as a general report, broken down by region, discussing alliances, similarities, hostilities among tribes (mostly Lipanes, Lipayanes, Apaches); localities, moral characteristics, problems with various tribes. Castro seemed; to intend it as treatise explaining reasons for not allowing peace with Lipanes. Reasons include Lipanes' arrogance, malice, inherent falseness, spying, insolence, etc. Mentions Apaches stealing Spanish weapons to use against them. Mentions Soquina (Comanche) speaking against Apaches. Though extremely biased against Indians, letter has excellent information on attitudes, relationships between Apaches, Spaniards. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Nava informs Revilla Gigedo Lipanes at Norte requesting peace in Coaguila, Texas. Told peace must be ratified by virrey. Will collect information concerning Lipane's condition, numbers, intertribal relations, motives. Lipan Joseph Antonio made prior overtures at San Fernando, may be helpful in establishing perace in Lower Lipaneria. At present most Mescaleros, Llaneros, Faraones at peace, residing in Vicinity of Norte, Paso. Diaz informs Nava of Lipan arrival in Norte requesting peace despite cruelty of treatment by Munos at Coahuila. Revilla gigiedo in agreement with Nava awaiting further information before entering into peace with Lipanes; will advise Castro of Lipan initiative, in interim Lipan emissaries to be treated well. Revilla Gigedo advises Munos, Castro of peace initiative soliciting any objections they may have. Nava relates emissary Bilansatliche's account of causes of Lipan hostilities to Revilla Gigedo. Prior peace broken by Ugalde, Valdes and lipans obliged to fight against their will. Following negotiations with Ugarte y Loyola emissaries dispatched to Santa Rosa to confer with Castro. When these did not return emissary dispatched to San Fernando also did not return. Under no circumstances will they negotiate with Castro due to Santa Rosa experience. Mescalero Lascashigo told Lipanes of fairness of treatment in north convincing them to negotiate with Nava. Lipan leaders Chadichule, Joseph Antonio, bidajta, Tuna-Yilten and their people assembled at Agua Prieta near Rio Colorado awaiting response. Though ylgiditelde not present also wishes peace. Messengers dispatched to locate Lower Lipanes and advise them of peace plans. Lipanes have few stock, most lost to Cumanches and northern tribes. Will return captives held, request Lipan women prisoners be returned to them. Castro not notified of peace efforts due to distance involved and complications this might create. Revilla Gigedo communicates Lipan concerns, accusations to Castro as described to Nava by Bilansatliche. Solicits Castro's opinions so that he may make his decision. (J. Higgins, April 1989)

Preamble to viceroy's response to Castro's criticisms of peace efforts cautioning him to obey orders without delay or further discussion. Castro assures viceroy of compliance with orders insure peace between Lipanes and other tribes; troops to cease patrols, engagements with Lipanes. Revilla Gigedo responds unfavorably to Castro's initiation of measures above noting they violate, distort his orders and it is not his place to ratify conditions of negotiated peace. Castro expresses astonishment, remorse, confusion , etc. Over viceroy's admonitions, threat of retiring Castro from his comandancia. Viceroy applauds Castro's new-found humility assuring him he will not be decommissioned, only that another officer will conduct negotiations. Castro embarks on lengthy dissertation on historical nobility, loyalty, honor of himself, his family in king's service claiming his honor unjustly besmirched by viceroy noting he has petitioned king to address this injustice. Revilla Gigedo expresses increasing irritation with Castro and fact his remonstrances have not served to enlighten Castro but only inspire greater effrontery, insubordination on Castro's part. Notes matter has been turned over to judgement of his majesty for resolution. (J. Higgins, April 1989)

Detailed response to Castro's criticism of peace with Apaches Lipanes. Cautions Castro for insubordinate, self- indulgent, insulting tone, content of letter. Suggests Castro's interpretation of his, others' orders distorted, simplistic. Extermination of Lipanes militarily-financially impossible, morally deplorable. Indian attacks now decreased in number, severity. Long discussion of Lombrano's flight from Santa Rosa, seen as reasonable given cruelty of unprovoked attacks on Lipanes at Bexar, Santa Rosa by troops under Pacheco, Ugalde. Peace with southern Lipanes is rational, necessary. Discusses causes, effects of Indian unrest in Coahuila, Nueva Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, Sonora noting Mescalero wars began due to murders by ranchers. Soquina, Soxaes charges against Munoz unsubstantiated, said can be reconciled to peace with Lipanes given proper inducements. Nava will conduct negotiations in his command, if Castro unable, unwilling to do same he will be retired and another appointed who is willing to do so. (J. Higgins, April 1989)

Brief index of volume 170 compiled in 1883. Castro's 127 point harangue of viceroy's efforts to establish peace with Lipanes; reiterates prior criticisms, cites correspondence with king. Contends peace plans contradict prior orders issued by viceroy, his predecessors, real reglamento of presidios, opinions of commanders Croix, Neve, Ugalde, Ugarte y Loyola. Questions Revilla Gigedo and Nava's understanding, knowledge of Indians. Maintains no benefit Santander under Caudillo Sox; Apache Lipanes hostilities in Bexar toward Comanches, other friendly tribes; their attack on Castro at Santa Rosa. Sees Nava's negotiation with Orizaba Lipanes as expensive capitulation detracting from army's ability to protect citizens. Favors exterminating Lipanes, cites Galvez plan to pit tribes against each other, increase troop numbers. States Comanches Soquina, Soxaes and followers committed to friendship with Spain, war against Lipanes despite mistreatment by Munoz. (J. Higgins, March 1989)

Diary of Anza's second expedition to California in which Anza leads 30 soldiers and their respective families to Monterrey, and reconnoiters San Francisco bay area. Contains list of people making journey, supplies; population of Yuma Indians; descriptions of California Indians, etc. Also, observations and notes on various points on route; description and scale drawing of Casa Grande. (J. H. Ochs, October 1987).

Mendinueta's response to O'Conor in reference to Crespo's plan that direct lines of communication be established between Nuebo Mexico and Pimeria Alta. States that Hopis live in relative isolation, having few contacts with Spaniards, but maintain amicable relations with Navajos and Utes. Headwaters of San Francisco settled by sedentary Apaches Gilenos. (J. H. Ochs, October 1987).