Commerce

Report concerning retiring governor Mendoza's reflections on Indian wars fought in Nueva Vizcaya; includes comments on presidio deployment; Indian depredations at Chihuahua city and elsewhere; need for permanent guard at that city; great dangers of bandits who threaten supply and bullion convoys; convoys to Nueva Mexico and Sonora; relative weakness of presidial locations; strengthes and weaknesses of each presidio; calls for supplemental forces composed of thirty auxiliary Tarahumara archers for each post; value of auxiliaries as spies in broken terrain; relative cost of financing auxiliary forces; progress of missions in province; customs of mission Indians; describes education of mission Indians; schools; their virtues, livestock and crops. (J. Williams, may 1987)

Expediente, accompanied by cover sheets and index, concerning Spanish efforts to break secret alliance between Navajos and Apaches. Includes a relacion summarizing several of Anza's with Navajos; use of Comanches to intimidate Navajos at meetings with Spaniards; possibility of Navajos hiding Apache horse raiders; estimates of population and military strength of Navajo nation; generally improving relations between Navajos and Spaniards; includes orders from Ugarte to Anza regarding steps to be taken to break alliance between Navajos and Apaches; Ugarte's order to elect a general to act over other Navajo captains; Navajo participation in military campaigns; mention of peaceful groups of Gilenos in Sonora; commerce between Spaniards and Navajos; importance of converting Navajos to catholicism; ff. 368-371 is a detailed report by Roque de Medina of a Series of incidents between Spaniards and Apaches in and around Arispe, in which there may have been Navajo involvement; orders from Ugarte to Anza to investigate this possibility; mention of alliance between Navajos and Mimbrenos; these orders also include suggestions regarding further subjugation of Navajos and disruption of alliance with Apaches; ff. 376-378 is a letter from Ugarte reporting to king actions taken to break alliance; ff. 380-387 are letters from Anza to Ugarte reporting compliance and successful implementation of Ugarte's orders; letter from Ugarte to Florez reporting the situation and draft of letter from Flore in response to Ugarte. (W. Copas, June 1988)

Expediente, accompanied by cover sheet, consisting of letters concerning peaceful relations with Comanches and continuing war Lipanes in Coahuila, and peaceful overtures by Lipanes in Nueva Mexico; request by Lipanes to open commerce; discussion of past betrayals of trust by Lipanes and other Apache groups; discussion of tendency of Apaches to renew hostilities after peaceful meetings with Spaniards; importance of maintaining peace with Comanches, Yutas, Navajos, and Jicarillas; orders from Ugarte to Concha to disregard overtures made by enemy groups of Apaches (gilenos, Pharaones, Natagees, Mescaleros, Lipiyanes, Lipanes, or any other Apache group except Jicarillas); successful military campaigns in Sonora and Nueva Vizcaya in 1787; threat to peace between Spaniards and Comanches if Spaniards make peace with Apaches; discussion of campaigns by Spaniards and Comanches against Apaches and importance of Indian auxiliaries; treatment of Apache prisoners; detailed description of campaign by Ysampampi against Apaches, including numbers killed or captured; Florez's approval of Ugarte's policies; ff. 333-338 is a detaile journal of a campaign against Apaches in October-November 1788, including a table (f. 333v) of company strengths; Florez's commendation of three soldiers who distinguished themselves in this campaign;orders from Ugarte to Concha regarding future campaigns, and Florez's response to these orders. (W. Copas, may 1988)

Expediente, consisting of an informe written by Concha and Troncoso for Ugarte concerning peaceful relations with Indians of Comanches; detailed description of commercial interaction between Comanches and Spaniards; isolated incidents of horse raiding by Young Comanches and Parauanarimuco's actions to correct the crime; joint military expeditions against Apaches; relations between Spaniards and Yupes and Yamparicas; horse raiding between Yutas and Comanches, and Spanish role as mediators in dispute; raids against Pueblo groups by Yutas; leader of Yuta raids named Muchi and efforts of Yutas to bring Muchi to justice; relations between Spaniards and Navajos; conditions of release of Antonio el Pinto from Spanish captivity total breakdown of relations between Navajos and Apaches; reception of a Panana Indian sent to learn of Spanish customs and culture. Second part of informe is a journal of Troncoso's securing Antonio's release; visits to Navajo territory under Concha's orders to observe Navajos and assess their peaceful status; gifts of clothing and tobacco exchanged between Troncoso and Navajos; friendly attitude of Navajos; description of Navajo house structure; description of Navajo foods; discussions between Carlos, Antonio, and Troncoso of treaty between Spaniards and Navajos; commerce between Navajos and Spaniards; relations between Navajos and Apaches; discussion of religious beliefs between Troncoso and Navajos; description of Navajo clothing and ornaments. Ff. 244-249 is a Series of oficios from Concha to Ugarte concerning release of Antonio and conditions thereof, accompanied by orders from Ugarte in response to Concha's letters. (W. Copas, may 1988)

Expediente, accompanied by cover sheet, concerning commerce mention of abuses of commerce by Spaniards; commerce in contraband items with prohibited Indian groups; unauthorized dealings with Indians; need for trade with Comanches, Navajos, and Yutas; use of commerce to solidify treaties and maintain peace; establishment of rules to regulate commerce; policies regarding commerce of past governors; discussion of several know illegal traders; mention of support of this trade by fray Sebastian Anton; lack of complete trust in Navajos; continuing warfare with Apaches Gilenos; commerce in stolen goods; arrangements for trade fairs to be held at pueblos; orders from Ugarte to Anza regarding these situations, and Anza's response to these orders; methods of establishing laws regarding crimes of homicide, robbery, rape, and adultery; mention of Indian grievances regarding commerce; arrangements made with Yutas for return of stolen horses; and use of passports to maintain orderly commerce. (W. Copas, may 1988)

Letters, accompanied by a cover sheet, from Ugarte to Anza and the marques de Sonora concerning establishment of peace with Comanches and Yutas, Ugarte's support of Anza's actions, continuing negotiations between Spaniards and Comanches, orders from Ugarte to Anza regarding policy, value of Ecueracapa's services and his salary, arrangements for the placement of Spanish officials near rancherias, ongoing negotiations in Texas providing Indians with interpreters, continuing war between Spaniards and Apaches, treatment of captive children and adults, conversion of non-christian Indians, instruction of Indians in Spanish language and customs, acculturation of Indian children, commerce with Indians, warlike nature and customs of Comanches, efforts to convince Comanches to practice agriculture, supplies of money and livestock for Indians, and description of ornamentation and appearance of Comanche men and women meeting with Ugarte. (W. Copas, April 1988)

Expediente accompanied by cover sheet and index concerning establishment and maintenance of peace with Comanches and Yutas. Ff. 73-76 is an informe from Ugarte, accompanied by a cover sheet, reporting progress in these efforts to the king. Mention of ongoing problems with Navajos and Apaches, who are still enemies. Ff. 77-115 is a relacion giving a detailed account of efforts to establish peace from November 1785- June 1786.topics espionage between Spaniards and Indians, improving relations with yupas, relations between Pueblo groups and Comanches, terms of the peace, trade, joint expeditions against the Apaches, fairs held to celebrate peace, and similar efforts in Texas. Ff. 116-119 is an informe by Ortiz describing his role in these efforts. Mention of a minor raid by Comanches resulting in the loss of some horses and steps taken by Spaniards and Comanches to correct situation. Discussion of names of Yamparicas used by different Indian groups. Description of several rancherias visited by Ortiz, including housing and estimates of livestock. F. 120 is a table listing Indian capitanes presented at Pecos Pueblo and Santa Fe during 1786, along with the size of their rancherias. Spanish translations of their Indian names are included. F. 121 is another table of minor capitanes involved. Ff. 122-123 is a compilation of the terms of peace, including Ecueracapa's proposals, Anza's responses, and Ugarte's resolutions. Includes a list of Indians ratifying treaty. (W. Copas, April 1988)

Documents deal with Oca's request to go to Spain and take with him his money. Included long document signed by many people testifying to good deeds of Oca as captain of San Sabas; mention of his valor against Indian attack. Mention that he assisted people with his own corn in times of need, and donating his house to serves as a church. There is also a list of soldiers debts paid by Oca. Bucareli grants request. (J. Tapia, March, 1988)

Mentions Xilimenos in prison for trading and keeping in contact with Lipanes and Miscaleros. (J. Tapia, March 1988)

Concerns activities of segunda compania. Describes campaigns in area and number of men and horses sent. Letters acknowledge receipt and completion of orders sent. Bustamente tells of recent Indian vs. Indian wars. Requests orders for behavior assuming loyal frienship with Spanish. Concerns company of uniforms, armament, and tack distributed to soldier describes arrival of one desertor with two horses from primera compania. With Castros permission, Bustamente sent detachment to Rio Grande to verify conditions and assist if necessary. Due to stampede, 300 horses lost. Describes purchases made at Saltillo's annual fair for troops and families. says funds insufficient. Desperately need salaries of officials and sargeants. Sends party to search for desertor and lost horses. Includes list of horses and mules seized from Indians. Tired troops request help from primera compania to continue battle in San Sabbas. Assisted company in Revilla to track Apaches after raid and kidnapping at Lopez' ranch. Relates theft and murder by Indians. Concerns letter from Galvez regarding three soldiers needing to See surgeon in Monclova. Order to have 60 men equipped for campaign. Wants to have meat available for trip but will have Pinole and Vizcocho. Advises all ranches between Arroyo Blance and Yglesias to beware of possible Indian raids. Concerns improper conduct of desertor and his debt to company. Related incident in which one soldier, cleaning his gun, accidentally shoots himself and another soldier and later is imprisoned for it. (M. Dannemiller, September 1988)