Indians (Reduccion)

Letter by Escandon mentions contents, dates of testimonios he authored, many of which form other expedientes in this volume. Mentions testimonios about pacification of Reynosa; descriptions of Camargo; saca de Agua in Mier; rangeland of Basquez; Santander Indians forming hacienda and growing corn; Indian pacification at Igollo; land dispute in Labrador resulting in castigation of Alcalde mayor. Functions as an index for expedientes 1-11 in this volume. (S. Gibbs, October 1989)

( S. Gibbs, September 1989)

Escandon mentions peace on Mexican coast 1755. Mentions autos about Indian pacification and reduccion in Nuevo Santander. Notes that current reduccion efforts targeted towards the Chichimecos. Briefly mentions local and regional organization of reduccion. Records routes of Chichimec depredations; remarks on difficulty of converting Chichimecs due to corazones del gentilismo. Recalls precedent of Indian reversion to gentilismo in Nuevo Reino de Leon after conquest in 1599. Details include number of Indian families affected by reduccion. Escandon suggests that a permanent reduccion entails control of land east of Sierra Gorda. Escandon inspects targeted poblaciones; mentions peso amount of reduccion effort (salaries of soldiers, synods, missionaries, and recompense for families). Notes that successful reduccion force must have mutual amistad, suavidad, Amor and caricias. Agricultural details include amount pesos for a saca de agua and fund for old people in Santa Barbara; the fertility of land for corn, Chile, cotton in salltillo, Masapil, and Nuevo Reino de Leon (F 68); appropriateness of climate for agriculture (F 76r). (S. Gibbs, September 1989)

Series of documents concerning peaceful Indians being resettled in presidios. Mention is made of unwillingness Indians have to being moved, prefering to stay where they were born. Results of military campaigns against Apaches is reported to viceroy, outcome of military actions involved some Indians killed, soldiers injured, Indians taken prisoners including women and children. Document is made of several reports on military campaigns against Indian rebels and is repetitive. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Series of documents dealing with gubernatorial correspondence against Indians, prisoners are taken, 32 casualties are inflicted on Indian forces including women and children; Capitancillo antel turned himself in after his Father capitancillo Chiquito was devoured by a bear; military campaign is launched against Indians who had stolen horses, actions left several soldiers killed by Indians in a prolonged battle; Lipanes surrendered and went to live at the presidios after they were offered good treatment; report is given that Indians are engaged in a controversy among themselves, situation that would favor an alliance with Spaniards; statistical chart showing number of Indians who are in peace with Spaniards, chart includes men, women and children in rancherias which are named with the name of the Indian leader. Charts showing number of horses in rancherias. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Series of documents regarding Indian robberies in presidio of Tucson and other presidios and towns of the provincias del norte; letters reporting on the recovery of animals stolen by Indians, confrontation between Indians and soldiers left a number of casualties on both sides; raids against Indians in rancherias of Bigotes, Cuernoverde and Bermejo; letter giving some details such as Indians of Nueva Mexico are behaving. Negotiations with Indians held in order to convince them to work in Spanish communities and presidios; letter discribing the natural distrust of Indians when they are offered work with Spaniards; raid against Indians results in some being killed and others taken prisoners; statistical chart summarizing actions against Indians in provincias del Norte. Chart contains figures on Indians and soldiers killed, prisoners and animals recaptured from the Indians. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Series of documents dealing with Indian and military Lipanes; peace treaty between Spaniards and Lipanes de Arriba (points of the treaty are included); campaigns against Lipanes de Abajo; capture of Indians who are giving up their weapons and surrender in the presidios; Indian women are taken prisoners; trade of weapons between Indian groups; alliance of Spaniards with subdued Indians; unconditional surrender of Indians who later are used in mission's agriculture; permits and passports given to Indian allies to negotiate with Indians rebels (Lipanes de Abajo); Indians express unhappiness due to extreme harassment by Spanish commander; Indian surrenders who had stabbed a military official. This document presents a diversity of problems and other military concerns with respect to the Indians. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Series of documents concerning inprisonment of Indians who came to surrender, Zapato Sax is regarded as a Lipan leader; Pacheco suspected Indian informer is captured by one soldier in town; convoy left in pursuit of Indians who stole some horses from hacienda; Indians return some horses previously stolen to Spaniards; weapons and ammunitions are given to military officials; Ugarte y Loyola, reports on treaty negociated with Lipanez Indians (document is a letter which mentions some of regulations Indians were going to be subjected to. Indians were incorporated to missions. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Letters from Borica concerning plans to reduce Apaches at San Antonio Bexar or Espiritu Santo. Mention Apaches already pacified around Janos, Carrizal, San Elzeario. Discusses adjustments needed for negotiations since Mescalero Capitancillos murdered two Lipanes of Pino Blanco's family; mentions exchange of gifts between Capitancillos, Spaniards. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Documents concerning peace negotiations, conoso's band at Espiritu Santo; Pino Blanco's, Calbo's bands at San Antonio Bejar. F.361 mentions irreconciliable hatred between Lipanes and friendly Indians of north; suggests that if such hatred were encouraged Indians would be too busy with each other to bother Spanish, but general theme of letter is toward reconciliation, reduccion. F.364 mentions reduccion of Lipiyanes at Norte, Lipanes at Rio Colorado. F.365 has some physical description of Mescaleros. (A. Dean, October 1989)