Indians (Treaties)

Repetitive documents, little information; describes troop movements, campaign to eradicate Indians that have been attacking near Mobanito. F.544 Gutierrez negotiates peace with Lipanes (dealing with Natage) at San Fernando. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Many vague, vaguely related documents concerning political affairs, dealings with Indians. F.481 mentions union of Lipanes with Yutas. F.487 death of Castro's Young son from exposure during trip to Santa Rosa. F.490 Elquezabal grants permission for Aga'a camp to trade with Spanish for corn, pumpkins, other comestibles. F.494 Comanches (through interpreter Chabes) return to Fernandez some livestock stolen from Cortes. F.495 Comanche baptized shortly before dying of illness. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Letters from Borica concerning plans to reduce Apaches at San Antonio Bexar or Espiritu Santo. Mention Apaches already pacified around Janos, Carrizal, San Elzeario. Discusses adjustments needed for negotiations since Mescalero Capitancillos murdered two Lipanes of Pino Blanco's family; mentions exchange of gifts between Capitancillos, Spaniards. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Series of letters to, from Ramon de Castro concerning administrative matters of Lipanes' surrender, celebration of peace (now to be called truce). Mentions negotiations with Aga. F.458 mentions Mescalero auxiliaries. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Letters between viceroy, comandante generals discussing peace negotiations with Lipanes. F.400 describes location of camps of Apache Capitancillos, some of whom have gone to rejoin their bands; mentions none are on horseback. F.401 mentions treaties with various Apache bands of Nueva Vizcaya, suggests those now seeking peace are false, should be considered a disease and exterminated . . . Subsist on war, only pretending to wish peace. detail on Spanish idea of Lipan character. F.416 mentions severe rains of October, 1792 making travel miserable. F.418-421 discusses part of real reglamiento de presidios (apparently) stating that opposition to treaties with Indians is diametrically opposed to spirit of peace Spanish are trying to convey. F.424 discusses heirarchy of bands of Apaches, good detail. F.426 mentions Mescaleras curing bison meat. F.427 discusses broad union of Mescaleros, Lipanos, llaneros seemingly for hunting together; mentions murder of Lipanes by Spanish civilians, what to do with captives. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Documents concerning resettlement (exile) of Lipanes once peace is conceded. Describes subsistence of Apaches in natural state vs. After they're placed on reservations (word not used, but is closest to what seems to be implied). Lipanes to be moved to area without mountains so they can't hide, with very little to forage so they will be dependent on Spanish rations. Mentions Borica Marching Lipanes to Norte presidio. F.396-400 are conditions of peace/surrender, details rations, rules for Lipanes. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Informe from Castro to Revilla Gigedo documenting hostilities by Lipanes as reason not to negotiate peace with them. Shorter letters among Revilla Gigedo, Merino, Nava concerning peace negotiations at presidio del Norte despite Castro's reservations. Letter from Nava describing history of peaceful relations with other tribes, beginning equally violently, but now successful; asks to desregard Castro's objections, negotiate anyway. Quite a lot of detail of specific incidents (raids, trading, etc), but mostly redundant documents. F.254 list of specific affronts by Lipanes, Mescaleros, including place, date occurring. F.255 el Lipiyan Capitancillo de toda la Apacheria conocido en la Vizcaya Por el Nombre de 'el Calvo' . . . . mentions Comanche Capitancillos reporting to Spaniards how Apaches keep supply of powder, bullets. F.257 mentions Lipanes trading with French. F.259 mentions el Calvo's Apache name is Picax-Ande, translated as brazo Fuerte. F.286 mentions Mezcaleros being provided with arms, livestock, wheat from presidio del Norte. F.294 mentions Lipanes trading their plunder with Indians to the north. F.302 mentions Mimbrenos, Gilenos, Mezcaleros in reduccion since 1790, Chiricahuas since 1786. V. 307 discusses treaties among Nabajoes, Chiricahuas, Gilenos, Mimbrenos, Mescaleros. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Nava informs Revilla Gigedo Lipanes at Norte requesting peace in Coaguila, Texas. Told peace must be ratified by virrey. Will collect information concerning Lipane's condition, numbers, intertribal relations, motives. Lipan Joseph Antonio made prior overtures at San Fernando, may be helpful in establishing perace in Lower Lipaneria. At present most Mescaleros, Llaneros, Faraones at peace, residing in Vicinity of Norte, Paso. Diaz informs Nava of Lipan arrival in Norte requesting peace despite cruelty of treatment by Munos at Coahuila. Revilla gigiedo in agreement with Nava awaiting further information before entering into peace with Lipanes; will advise Castro of Lipan initiative, in interim Lipan emissaries to be treated well. Revilla Gigedo advises Munos, Castro of peace initiative soliciting any objections they may have. Nava relates emissary Bilansatliche's account of causes of Lipan hostilities to Revilla Gigedo. Prior peace broken by Ugalde, Valdes and lipans obliged to fight against their will. Following negotiations with Ugarte y Loyola emissaries dispatched to Santa Rosa to confer with Castro. When these did not return emissary dispatched to San Fernando also did not return. Under no circumstances will they negotiate with Castro due to Santa Rosa experience. Mescalero Lascashigo told Lipanes of fairness of treatment in north convincing them to negotiate with Nava. Lipan leaders Chadichule, Joseph Antonio, bidajta, Tuna-Yilten and their people assembled at Agua Prieta near Rio Colorado awaiting response. Though ylgiditelde not present also wishes peace. Messengers dispatched to locate Lower Lipanes and advise them of peace plans. Lipanes have few stock, most lost to Cumanches and northern tribes. Will return captives held, request Lipan women prisoners be returned to them. Castro not notified of peace efforts due to distance involved and complications this might create. Revilla Gigedo communicates Lipan concerns, accusations to Castro as described to Nava by Bilansatliche. Solicits Castro's opinions so that he may make his decision. (J. Higgins, April 1989)

Preamble to viceroy's response to Castro's criticisms of peace efforts cautioning him to obey orders without delay or further discussion. Castro assures viceroy of compliance with orders insure peace between Lipanes and other tribes; troops to cease patrols, engagements with Lipanes. Revilla Gigedo responds unfavorably to Castro's initiation of measures above noting they violate, distort his orders and it is not his place to ratify conditions of negotiated peace. Castro expresses astonishment, remorse, confusion , etc. Over viceroy's admonitions, threat of retiring Castro from his comandancia. Viceroy applauds Castro's new-found humility assuring him he will not be decommissioned, only that another officer will conduct negotiations. Castro embarks on lengthy dissertation on historical nobility, loyalty, honor of himself, his family in king's service claiming his honor unjustly besmirched by viceroy noting he has petitioned king to address this injustice. Revilla Gigedo expresses increasing irritation with Castro and fact his remonstrances have not served to enlighten Castro but only inspire greater effrontery, insubordination on Castro's part. Notes matter has been turned over to judgement of his majesty for resolution. (J. Higgins, April 1989)

Detailed response to Castro's criticism of peace with Apaches Lipanes. Cautions Castro for insubordinate, self- indulgent, insulting tone, content of letter. Suggests Castro's interpretation of his, others' orders distorted, simplistic. Extermination of Lipanes militarily-financially impossible, morally deplorable. Indian attacks now decreased in number, severity. Long discussion of Lombrano's flight from Santa Rosa, seen as reasonable given cruelty of unprovoked attacks on Lipanes at Bexar, Santa Rosa by troops under Pacheco, Ugalde. Peace with southern Lipanes is rational, necessary. Discusses causes, effects of Indian unrest in Coahuila, Nueva Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, Sonora noting Mescalero wars began due to murders by ranchers. Soquina, Soxaes charges against Munoz unsubstantiated, said can be reconciled to peace with Lipanes given proper inducements. Nava will conduct negotiations in his command, if Castro unable, unwilling to do same he will be retired and another appointed who is willing to do so. (J. Higgins, April 1989)