Indians (Intertribal Relations)

F.220 reports deaths of 5 Apaches on chaingang. F.222 lists ages, gender of those transported. F.223 begins letter in rabid prose by Ugalde, listing tribes now ensconced in christianity as example; repeated acts of idolatry (dances) by Apaches endanger everyone, should be stamped out (no pun intended). Seems to suggest they be converted by force, not choice. F.225 vows to chastise most execrable Lipanes. F.229 apparently suggests that Comanches be given firepower to eliminate Apaches. F.232 complains of hypocrisy of reports given to him. Letter is puzzling considering Ugalde's earlier anthropological attitude toward Apaches. (A. Dean, April 1990)

Three letters from Ugalde to Florez. First two discuss past situation with each band of Apaches; how he anticipates future of treaty, necessary military stance to ensure compliance. F.202 third letter Ugalde mentions personal friendship with Picax-Ande, how far he thinks he can trust Lipan's intentions. F.205 mentions treaty signed July 10, 1788 at Rio Puerco, stipulations, bands involved, aftermath. F.206 livestock, cigars, grain given to Picax-Ande for treaty; he then attends mass. Some physical description of Apaches camped at San Fernando. Ff.206-207 detailed description of ceremony Apaches perform in celebration, including war dance toward destruction of Comanches; further description occasionally through F.219. Periodic mention of rations given to Indians (apparently accompanying Spanish on March.) F.219 discusses reasons for baptism as told to Indians. Interesting, well-written, easily legible documents. (A. Dean, April 1990)

Concerning maintenance of peace ordained by Picax-Ande's treaty. F.183 reports no trouble with Indians in January through February, in April seven citizens killed near Rio Savinas; raiding. F.184 accuses Lipanes of trying to encourage animosity between Mescaleros and Lipanes' enemy Comanches. F.187 reports soldiers at outposts unhappy, poorly equipped, underpaid. Plans laid for shoring up military to safeguard peace. (A. Dean, April 1990)

Documents concerning peace treaties with Lipiyanes, Mescaleros. Ff.163-165 deal with award of title capitan grande to Picax-Ande, calling him natural prince, giving him and his captains credit for subordination of Apaches. F.165 Apaches believe he is oracle through whose mouth gods speak. F.166 ratification of his peace treaty. F.167 peace to be maintained by 8 Mescalero captains. F.168 describes teaching table manners to Indian captains. F.173 Ugalde complains of missionaries' despotism, needless mistreatment of Indians in reduccion. (A. Dean, April 1990)

Letters from Ugalde to Galvez, Florez concerning attempts to pacify Mescaleros. F.145 mentions new friendship of Mescaleros, old friendship of Lipanes, and that being cultivated with Lipiyanes. F.146 mescaleros augmenting strength by allying with Borrados. F.153 mentions Carneada de Cibolos previously given to reduced Indians now apparently a bartering piece in negociations with Mescaleros. F.160 mentions Indians congregated peacefully at presidio del Norte. Mention throughout of shaky dealings with Comanches. (A. Dean, April 1990)

Officials' correspondence includes summaries of and references to documents not included in expediente; governor Munoz' 'papel sellado'; efforts of squadron to control Indians; operations at certain mines; 'librando' Munoz of governorship in face of accusations of misconduct; reinstatemnt of teniente of presidio; comandante Interino's correspondence includes accounts to virrey of state of province concerning, for example, three missions suffering small pox epidemic, general fiscal affairs, request by Cometunas for establishment of mission in area for purpose of protection, granted on condition that group live according to 'christiana politica', and militia's need for arms, as well as for officers to replace those who died; governor Velasco's correspondence to virrey refers briefly to military and fiscal affairs, establishment of 'correo' in Nuevo Leon, reduction and protection of Indians. (L. Kerr, December 1988)

Correspondence concerning: statements summarizing testimony on various subjects; re-establishment of mission; problems created when pacified Indians subjected to 'revistas', order passed halting 'revistas' due to violence engendered, otherwise smooth progression of pacification and reduction in province; state of Indians at missions, poor relations between neighboring Indian groups due to death of one chief, request for military assistance in order to secure peace; collection of taxes from various individuals; edict that soldiers enter churches with 'cabello suelto'; 'indice de cartas', with brief summary of topics discussed in expediente; lack of 'papel sellado'; establishment of 'pueblos' and need for military protection; desertion by soldiers in Coahuila; examination of 'cuadernos de autos' in order to determine reasons for 'excesos' committed by squadron at hacienda; military assistance need in Coahuila and Texas to defend against Apaches; discovery of mine, its effect upon growth of economy in area; discussion of metals, silver found in other mines, quality and quantity. (L. Kerr, November 1988)

Discussion of Indian relations, intertribal relations; informal review of presidial officers, Alcaldes mayores. (D. Marksz, August 1987)

Mendinueta sent militia to protect frontier at Ojo Caliente from attacks by Cumanches. Mention of commerce with French and English. (D. Marksz, July 1987)

Diary of Vial's expedition to Ylinueses. Contains detailed information on River routes, Indian tribes encountered along route, intertribal and Spanish-Indian relations. (D. Marksz, July 1987)