Indians (Food Rations)

Documents concerning resettlement (exile) of Lipanes once peace is conceded. Describes subsistence of Apaches in natural state vs. After they're placed on reservations (word not used, but is closest to what seems to be implied). Lipanes to be moved to area without mountains so they can't hide, with very little to forage so they will be dependent on Spanish rations. Mentions Borica Marching Lipanes to Norte presidio. F.396-400 are conditions of peace/surrender, details rations, rules for Lipanes. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Informe from Castro to Revilla Gigedo documenting hostilities by Lipanes as reason not to negotiate peace with them. Shorter letters among Revilla Gigedo, Merino, Nava concerning peace negotiations at presidio del Norte despite Castro's reservations. Letter from Nava describing history of peaceful relations with other tribes, beginning equally violently, but now successful; asks to desregard Castro's objections, negotiate anyway. Quite a lot of detail of specific incidents (raids, trading, etc), but mostly redundant documents. F.254 list of specific affronts by Lipanes, Mescaleros, including place, date occurring. F.255 el Lipiyan Capitancillo de toda la Apacheria conocido en la Vizcaya Por el Nombre de 'el Calvo' . . . . mentions Comanche Capitancillos reporting to Spaniards how Apaches keep supply of powder, bullets. F.257 mentions Lipanes trading with French. F.259 mentions el Calvo's Apache name is Picax-Ande, translated as brazo Fuerte. F.286 mentions Mezcaleros being provided with arms, livestock, wheat from presidio del Norte. F.294 mentions Lipanes trading their plunder with Indians to the north. F.302 mentions Mimbrenos, Gilenos, Mezcaleros in reduccion since 1790, Chiricahuas since 1786. V. 307 discusses treaties among Nabajoes, Chiricahuas, Gilenos, Mimbrenos, Mescaleros. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Comandante general to assume command of western province. 4th compania volante to escort Rengel to Sonora where he will assume command from Anza. Subsequently Rengel receives virrey's permission to travel to Mexico due to deteriorating health and receive half salary Rate of a comandante inspector, later transferred to Spain. At end of September 1788 Echeagaray to lead 400 man 80 day expedition to Sierras del Rio San Francisco and Mogollon. Monthly campaigns against hostiles to continue. Discussion of funds to assemble, sustain pacified western Apaches at Bacuachi and Chiricaguis auxiliaries whose loyalty must be cultivated. Indian prisoners of war to be sent to Janos. (J. Higgins, March 1989)

Continues description of Collera de Apaches begun in preceding sequence. Complete account of disposition of Apaches transported from Chihuahua and Pilar de Conchos to Mexico, record of baptisms, deaths, burials by place including names of citizens receiving sick Indians. Enderica's daily log of distances traveled, places stopped. Complete cost accounting of expenditures for mules, cattle, corn, other supplies with written receipts. Certification of Enderica's cost accounting and receipt for funds in excess of expenditures returned to Cajas Reales, Mexico from advance received for expenses. (J. Higgins, March 1989)

Several years correspondence dealing with treatment of Apache, mayhem perpetrated by escapees; strategies to deter escape; mistreatment of captives re causes of escape-desertion and accountability; funds for sustaining Indian captives; problems encountered with captives in various localities; plans for relocation of Nuevo Santander Apaches to Habana and Vera Cruz separating men, women, children; use of Indian prisoner labor in tobacco harvests. (J. Higgins, March 1989)

Concerns alleged mistreatment of Pisones by missionaries at Ygollo; presentation, verification of charges a lengthy process, issue continues in sequences 3 and 4. Gimenes, captain of Pisones, outlines poor administration of mission, mistreatment of Pisones who inhabit area and care for mission livestock. Beseeches governor to finish construction on church first promised them in 1749. Informs him that Indians started building church years earlier, also do mission farming, but that reverand fathers have them working 'enero a enero' without payment, assistance or food, only reward is death. One Father left with large sum of mission's money. Gimenes has instructed Indians to cease construction of church until conditions improve; Ramirez sent by governor to investigate situation; in subsequent autos, other sides of issue heard. Fathers offer defense in missives to pizzaro; following autos, various inventories made over years of ecclesiastical and secular goods at Ygollo, testimonios verifying information; individuals testify to treatment of Pisones, knowledge of inventory, quality and quantity of harvests, livestock at mission. (L. Kerr, July 1989)

Documents concern the transference of a group of Meco Indians from San Luis Potosi to Mexico under the commission of Pasqual de Burgoa. Request for a doctor to attend a gravely ill Indian. Payment of expenses incurred in transportation of Indians, in the salaries paid soldiers accompanying them, and of expenses in feeding the Indians during journey. Also given are a few baptisms along the way. Especially important are a group of lists concerning the Indians and the payment of the soldiers. Folios 171-173 contains an extensive list of the salaries paid soldiers and Cavos. folio 174 contains a list of expenses in transporting and feeding of the Indians. Folios 176-177 gives a list of Indian groups and the men and women who comprise the separate groups. (P. Lenz, September 1989)

Diaz de Luna conducting 74 Apaches from Chihuahua to Mexico City. Three Mimbrenos come to See if any of their band are among prisoners, are told there is only one, he a Christian. (later it seems there are many Mimbrenos in chaingang.) Documents concerning Luna's pay, finances of transport. Cordero threatens Tusseguslan with promise to conquer Mimbrenos, mentions ambush of Squielnocten, Mantas Negras. Some description of interaction with Tusseguslan, Yagonjli; Tusseguslan described as capable, astute, aggressive. F.445 concerns methods of indoctrinating, baptizing Indians. Mentions need for blankets for prisoners, who are without clothes, winter approaching. Cumpa, Yagonjli, Tusseguslan request release of their relatives (names and relationships listed on F.450) among prisoners. F.457-491, 499-528 are receipts for supplies (meat, grain) purchased from citizens for prisoners, followed by summary accounts of receipts, which document itinerary of trip. F.497 mentions Gilenos looking for Mimbrenos (said relatives of Cumpa, et Al). F.534 concerns ecclesiastic burial of Young Apache, Maria Josepfa. Final folios are beaurocratic documentation of transport. none of these documents alone contains much insight, taken together they provide good detail on transporting colleras (chaingangs). (A. Dean, September 1989)

Complaint by Pizones of mistreatment by fray Estrada of Hoyos mission Indians. Indians were to give labor and land to mission for 4 years in exchange for half of the production and their needs taken care of. For the last 2 weeks rations have not been supplied; missionary not meeting needs. Estrada requested to treat Indians well and return their lands as laws prohibit mistreatment of Indians. Description of mission church at Hoyos. Count of oxen, horses and mules of mission; Indians contest that there were more cattle and that they were more Mature. Request that Ramirez be responsible for management of cattle, previously mismanaged. Estrada has had harvests collected and has spent money all over; sale of almost all mission cattle by Blanco. Discussion of Indians attendance of mass, absence of idolatry. Ordovas to make journey to mission to investigate but complains of illness, distance, and dangerous Mecos which has delayed trip; told he must go despite these excuses. Puga to investigate and return land to Indians. Indians having to travel in search of food. 3 Pizones and a Pame went to Mexico City to testify that a year has passed without rations and land taken by Estrada. Descriptions of vegetable and Milpa crops grown. Testimonies of mission apames and Pizones indicate that Estrada gave corn rations the first two years and describe bloody beating by Alcaldes but directed by Estrada, and Indians given other land of lesser quality. (L. L. Woodward, September 1988)

Discusses settling of Indian groups in Nuevo Santander; review of locations and Indians in each area. Need for greater defence of missions. In order to reduce Indians, need to dominate Indians through punishment, and food distribution. Discussion of seeds and cattle for food production and surplus need to keep accounts of agricultural production and livestock; also tells whether rainfall or irrigation agriculture practiced and future possibilities. Indians described as deserters and apostates who are causing damage in northern provinces. Mention of frey Rodriguez' request for mission. Description of ethnic groups and population of rancherias, their water source and suggestion of moving Indians to three new settlements between Padilla and Guemes or take advantage of irrigation. (L. L. Woodward, may 1989)