Military Campaigns

Series of documents dealing with expeditions and campaigns in Indian's territory; Castro gives notice to viceroy of his suffering from a scab on his leg; review of prospects for position of Alferez de Aguaverde is made; leme is suggested as the best candidate to position of Alferez because of his experience in war and seniority in the army. (M. Marroquin, March 1989)

Concerns Series of letters giving notices of taxes, military actions against Indians, congratulations to officials for successful campaigns, soldiers from fronteras being exempted from paying taxes, reports on the status of military forces asked, charts reporting military status in Nuevo Santander (report includes ammunition, food, weapons, mules, horses, clothing, etc). Diaries of activities held with several military companies. Diary of activities done in Aguaverde (chart shows civil, military and religious personnel in presidio, also shows number of sick people). Diary of military operation in Monclova. Series of testimonies given by witnesses of confrontation with Indians. (M. Marroquin, March 1989)

Series of documents on military actions against Indians. Thanks are given to Murgier for bringing Indians under control. Fray gives appreciation for what has been done to pacify Indians. Notice about Indians who left mission of Croix. Regards sent to Murgier for controlling Indians. Indians left to the Sierra of Tamaulipas to hide away. Suggestion is made that Indian rebels should be hung and their heads cut off as an example to others. Transfer of prisoners to another prison by Puga. Diaz expresses compassion for Indians in Croix. Escandon reports illness due to hard Weather conditions. Murgier is praised by Bujanos for personal commitment to his soldiers. (M. Marroquin, March1989)

Concerns Series of documents on military affairs such as arrests, raids against Indians, peace treaties with Saraguaces, Indians survive gathering fruits; revision of financial status of provincias, campaigns against Indians who steal horses, notice that case against Puga and Murgier is about to finish (M. Marroquin, March 1989)

Detailed testimony of Moreno. Notes that Indian spies keep apprised of affairs by posing as day workers in presidios and villages. Detailed discussion of Rio's and Moreno's crimes, including affirmative testimonies by other Spanish. Other Indians (tortuga, Luis, Bustamante) are convicted of spying and rebellion. Details Apache subsistence-- planting of corn, beans squash, eating of robbed horses and cattle. Meat distributed by leader Calaxtrin in times of need-- notes differential distribution of horse meat by occupation. Records that Apaches do not have formal homes (with exception of Calaxtrin, who has Adobe). Describes Apache movement for water by moon phases and hostilities, and how Apaches recover their dead to bury in Sierra Chivato. Recounts Apache 3 day use of hallucinogenic Peyote after a raid in which Apaches kill horses to cripple forces, eat neck meat of horse, break joints of cadavers and bury cadavers in a round pit covered with soil and rocks. Account of typical Spanish weaponry (shields, leather jackets, whips (?), fire, pikes) and of Indian weaponry (bow and arrow). Detailed account of Indian battle tactics and sale of robbed horses to the north. Mines at real del oro (?) Closed due to Indian threat. (S. Gibbs September 1989)

Diary of Munoz 1773 speaks of past local Tepehuane revolts in Zape, tizonara, which did not involve entire Indian nation. Arms pacified revolts, restored peace. Briefly mentions other reduccioners provoked by Indian petty crimes and depredations-emphasizes that entire nation not affected. States that converted Apaches are responsible for San Bartholome and Cosiguriachi raids--not unconverted Apaches. Queipo de Llano, noting that 90 Indian prisoners cannot realistically be dealt with, suggests punishment of ring leaders alone and publication of castigation to Tarahumaras as a warning. (S. Gibbs, September 1989)

Expedientes concern military finances. exp 14 discusses salaries of military officers, compares them with american salaries. Also concerns Bellido's pension -- concern voiced that too high a pension for Bellido could set an expensive precedent. King's order is thus required to obtain a special salary. In exp 15, marques de Croix acknowledges receipt of Apache campaign diaries. Bucareli mentions incident in which tropps with Pima auxiliaries raided Apache camp, killing wounding and capturing Apaches. Bucareli also discusses Galvez' campaign expenses. (S. Gibbs, February 1989)

Documents dealing with various Indian raids during June and July in San Juan del Rio, Indians steal and kill horses; they also kill people and steal horses and cattle in Guatimape. Apaches steal horses in abinitio; they kill men, women, and children in Santa Gertudis and Castro. Discussion that some Taraumares may have been involved in some raids. Ugarte informs viceroy that he will use soldiers stationed in presidio del Norte, reserved to be used by Ugalde in his campaigns. Also informs rest of troops busy combating Gilenos. (J. Tapia, November, 1987)

Documents dealing with use of peaceful Apaches to combat enemy Apaches; peaceful Apaches given money and clothes as incentives. Success of these campaigns leads many enemy Apaches to seek peace and go to Bacuachi. There is also discussion of different ways in combating and controlling Apaches, and proper role of different civil and military officials. (J. Tapia, October, 1987)

Documents dealing with Apache group seeking peace before being attacked by soldiers; Apaches taken to Bacuachi. There are plans to attack and reduce more rancherias. (J. Tapia, October, 1987)