Geography

Contains account of campaign near Rio Grande in response to reported sighting and theft of 300 cows. Contains description of pursuit. As a result of campaign, Emparan discovers 20 murdered soldiers. Provides description of terrain and scene of raid. Emparan informs virrey and requests he recommend pensions for widows to king. Virrey requests information assuring that men died defending themselves. Provides list of soldier's names and complete testimonies of six witnesses. Witness accounts contain lengthy, detailed descriptions of battle scene including position of cadavers, bullet fragments, clothing and arms. Accounts relate probable action of soldiers and assurance that although greatly outnumbered, none fled. Ugarte signs testimonies and certifies that proper paper for autos was unavailable; use of alternate paper required due to urgency of matter. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Espadas desires to punish Carancahuazes who, along with others, have exhibited increasingly cruel hostilities. Espadas has made attacks resulting in several injured and murdered Indians. Includes oficios from commanding officers describing campaign, its causes and results. Contains description of assaults and robberies by Indians. says civilians Volunteered for campaign and Indians from missions served as spies to explore territory. During attack many Indians escaped into rivers. explains need for six military boats for use from Nueces where Indians make summer home on fertile Isle to Varada, their winter home. Virrey responds saying attacks by Apaches and others would be less severe if Ugalde would cooperate with Ugarte. says resentments greatly displease him and orders him to loan troops to provide best service to king. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Presents conditions under which Ugalde sought out Picax-Ande for assistance with campaign against Mescaleros. Ugalde attempted many times to discover picax-andes's true motives. Sent him out accompanied by troops which he did not readily accept. Describes picax-ande's position and territory - was gente general de Apacheria del oriente, an area determined by a line drawn along the Concho River and the mountains of Sibolo, Movano and Guadalupe. Valdes' reports indicate that Picax-Ande committed many infractions and encouraged other tribes to engage in raids against Spanish. Learned that Picax-Ande had offered to steal horses from military and meet with other tribes in Moras to distribute them. Ugalde suggests that with such evidence, granting peace to Lipiyanes is an error because, while they provide protection from Comanches, they conduct their own raids. Discusses need for serious military punishment for Indians in all areas who abuse good faith of Spanish. says it is necessary to deprive Lipiyanes of corrupt leader because they follow him blindly. Includes Valdez' diary as proof of Picax's infractions. Contains conversations with, observations and daily events of Indians. Ugalde proves that Lipiyanes and Mescaleros are related and describes activities attended by both. says Picax's wife is Alegre's Sister and Alegre's wife is Picax's Sister. Finally gives proof of horses and property stolen during supposed peace. Diary contains description of daily events, conversations with and observations of Indians. (M. Dannemiller, December 1988)

Concerns informe by Cuellar for Sierra Gorda regarding water supplies from Revilla to Nueces. Sierra Gorda ordered him to discover all Indian entry spots on expedition. Accompanying diary describes area saying land is fertile. Suggests establishing town and detachment along Ojos de Agua to prevent Indian influx. Rivers would provide quick transportation to another town down River and would greatly increase defense. Has already spoken with people anxious to establish. says Ten small towns would secure Texas and Coahuila. Planning other expeditions in Santander to propose plans in other areas. Cuellar's diary includes details of expedition, route taken and locations of rivers, streams and springs. Includes geographical description of area. Flat lands, empastadas, changing farther along to more mountainous areas. Virrey responds saying in order to act on suggestion, must also have information on wood, labor, land and populations. (M. Dannemiller, November 1988)

Concerns request for peace made by Lipan capitan to Munoz after suffering attacks in Coahuila and Texas. Lipanes pleased with agreement but inform Munoz of separate groups of Lipanes along border who will continue hostilities. Due to request, virrey orders release of several prisoners. Munoz accepts Canoso's gratitude for release. Virrey relates additional conditions of agreement and requests informe on whether Lipanes are living according to conditions. Virrey also says Ugarte to take trip beginning in Nueva Vizcaya to give instructions on best methods of defense and to encourage cultivation. Virrey notices that price of maiz is high due to drought. Munoz relates incidents of raids but says no large incursions have taken place. Informs virrey that Lipanes never returned to complete agreement instituting peace. Munoz includes requested informe regarding murder and theft in the area. says Ranchos are being deserted and resulting difficulties in moving cattle has forced him to temporarily prohibit their movement. says this destruction and hostility due to peace broken by Ugarte causing retribution by Indians. Munoz sends message to different tribes telling them not to trade with Apaches. Munoz sends Gutierrez to force Sas to meet with Ugarte to finally discuss peace. (M. Dannemiller, November 1988)

Series of documents centering around service of Jose Menendez Valdes as interim asesor y auditor de guerra de la comandancia general de las Provincias Internas. Menendez Valdes served in position, at half salary, upon promotion of Pedro Galindo y Navarro to asesor general del virreynato de Lima. Letters of recommendation and praise for both Menendez Valdes and Galindo y Navarro, including education and work records of both, with emphasis on Menendez Valdes. Discussion of difficult journey to Peru from Mexico (Menendez Valdes). Ultimately, Menendez Valdes returned to Guadalajara. No discussion as to his future position. (M. Longo, October 1989)

Continues description of Collera de Apaches begun in preceding sequence. Complete account of disposition of Apaches transported from Chihuahua and Pilar de Conchos to Mexico, record of baptisms, deaths, burials by place including names of citizens receiving sick Indians. Enderica's daily log of distances traveled, places stopped. Complete cost accounting of expenditures for mules, cattle, corn, other supplies with written receipts. Certification of Enderica's cost accounting and receipt for funds in excess of expenditures returned to Cajas Reales, Mexico from advance received for expenses. (J. Higgins, March 1989)

Account of manner in which Collera de Apaches is to be if attacked while in transit. Census of Apache prisoners and troops under Enderica's command. Discusses prisoners to be picked up enroute; Indian deaths in prison; educability of Apache children captured under age 7; restriction of future women hospitalized at San Juan de Dios; Apache dead by suicide, soldiers, illness or left with citizens due to illness (J. Higgins, March 1989)

Correspondence in which de Croix attempts to establish weekly postal route from Bahia to Arispe; includes very detailed outlines of routes, listing haciendas, Reales, Ranchos, misiones and presidios up to time of day mail will arrive; in-depth discussion of reasons to establish route. (D. J. McClelland February 1988)

Croix proposes establishment of comandancia general with Durango as headquarters due to great distance and inefficiency of governing Provincias Internas from Mexico City; reasoning includes efficient control of rich natural resources, necessity for outpost on borders to guard against foreign conquest of territories; suggests establishment include Casa de Moneda and Silla episcopal to convert Indians and minister to settlers effectively; also need for troops and comandante general for effective protection. (D. J. McClelland, January 1988)