Presidios

Letters and accounts from Escorza to Bucareli concerning fiscal management of the presidios around Chihuahua. Letters include expenses of Tabaco y Naipes and payments to military personnel. Accounts include detailed expenses of the presidios in the Chihuahua area. (T. Kahana July 1988)

Letters and accounts to and from Escorza, concerning fiscal management of the presidios in the area of Chihuahua. Topics (T. Kahana, July. 1988)

Letters and accounts to and from Escorza, concerning fiscal management of the presidios around the area of Chihuahua. Letters and accounts include payment to presidios and military personnel, taxes and expenses. (T. Kahana, July. 1988)

Letters and accounts to and from Escorza, concerning fiscal management of the presidios in the area of Chihuahua. Topics (T. Kahana, July. 1988)

Letters and accounts from Escorza to Bucareli concerning fiscal management of the presidios around Chihuahua. Letters include expenses of Tabaco y Naipes and payments to military personnel. Accounts include detailed expenses of the presidios in the Chihuahua area. (T. Kahana July 1988)

Correspondence of various officials concerning dire situation in Chihuahua city and steps being taken to counteract Apache menace; includes Bucareli's reflections on nature of the war; use of auxiliaries; and various suggestions on defense (J. Williams, June 1987)

Various autos, reports submitted to cabildo of Chihuahua city indicating terrible military crisis of province; includes notes on raids near Santa Eulalia; campaigns of Galvez; shortage of mining supplies (includes various technical details about operations at mines); raid near Chihuahua city; losses of livestock; other raids and actions taken by San Buenaventura garrison; notes goods stolen (such as tobacco and clothing); reflects on strategic problems of fighting enemy que no tiene havitacion, Casas Sembrados, ni otros vienes. (J. Williams June 1987)

Concerns present military crisis of Nueva Vizcaya; describes settlements; enemy raids; economic decline (in cattle and in mining); reflection on nature of war, emphasizing its cruelty, death and destruction; goods taken by Apaches (clothing livestock and tobacco); actions of Galvez in defense of province; shortage of charcoal, water in mines; Apaches strategy and tactics; many advantages enemy enjoys; their clothing, crops, campaign logistics and weapons (bow, lance, Shields, Cueras and use of guns); comments on Apache scalp dance; describes Chihuahua garrison; prospects of new campaign; need for recruits; notes many non-Indian fighting duties of presidios; reflects consequences of relocations; proposes new presidio sites; considers hard life of soldado de Cuera; his equipment; problems of pay; revenue from tobacco monopoly; Bucareli sends word that he has called council of war to evaluate situation in detail (J. Williams, may 1987)

Report made up of group of letters concerning vagrancy problems on northern frontier; includes notes on Indian attacks; need for Indian labor in mines and haciendas; payment to Indians in Inferior goods; use of Penal labor; reluctance of some Indians to work as day-laborers; visit of Galvez; legal actions of Galvez, Corbalan and others on pay; Croix's inspection; raids on various settlements; types of labor involving Indians (charcoal making; cultivation; Adobe making; mine drain construction; firewood and lumber cutting; livestock tending; Mule train servants; ore processing; and various mechanical arts); dangerous alliance of local Indians with Apaches; economic crisis that results from lack of sufficient Indian labor; problem of local Indian community demands on labor force; limited value of Indians in mines; seasonality of Indian labor demands; role of mulatos in mines; fugitive Yaquis in mining towns; ff. 348-355 includes copy of points 5-10 of Neve's general report of 1783; he finds explanation of rise in banditry in unfair use of forced Indian labor; he sets limitations on coroporal punishment in mission settlements (for example - six lashes for missing mass); he considers other matters involving civil justice; notes many of bandit's crimes falsely attributed to Apaches; use of presidio labor in new presidio constructions; ff 357-361 - Ugarte grants various rights to Indians of Pueblo of Santa Maria (4 December, 1787); this includes coverage of forced labor; payment in goods and cash; reviews earlier Indian labor policy; describes poverty and hunger of Indian day laborers; lack of spiritual guidance; locations of labor; character of culture change; importance of cheap Indian labor to economy, and failure of administrators to solve problems of Indian abuse become clear in this report. (J. Williams, may 1987)

Rivera defends regulation of 1729 against accusations of Jesuit missionaries of Tarahumara Alta (See ff. 134-255); includes comments on utility of smaller garrisons; nature of war fought there; limited escort services; his inspection of Nayari and other frontier regions; comments on recent attacks in Nueva Vizcaya and at other places in provinces; explains duty of 6 presidio forces stationed in province; questions ability of Jesuits to understand situation; reflects on progress of missionization; describes routes of highway patrols; Inspections of Retana; battle at quagisole; reflects on campaigns dating back to 1650; praises Tarahumaras; notes their construction of fine churches; summary of 1729 events in Sonora; comments on arms and equipment, state of supply; explains convoy system; cites need to be frugal with king's limited resources; emphasizes demilitarized character of Texas frontier; notes use of canary islanders in Texas. (J. Williams, may 1987)