Indians (Relations)

Correspondence in which Emparan informs virrey of poor relations with Indians of province, deteriorating further due to drought and famine in region; Indians stealing, killing horses, cattle, sheep from Ranchos, haciendas and presidios, also killing, taking hostage civilians and military personnel; 2 'estados' listing occurrences of Indian attacks, numbers of men, women, children, domestic animals killed or taken (folios 192, 209-211); in discussing dilemmas, Emparan tells virrey 'mi Pluma Es mui devil para pintar lo que padese Mi Espiritu,' drought so severe that often residents have only Mescal to consume, that Indian incursions endanger farmers proceeding with cultivation of corn, other crops, additionally burdening area's food supply; Emparan assembles troop to search out, kill Indians responsible, appoints interim governor; limited success, incursions continue, Young Boy escapes from Indians, identifies leaders for Emparan (continued in following folios). (L. Kerr, February 1989)

(See preceding folios for introduction to issue discussed here.) Documents include uncomplimentary review of Fueros' character, past record, summary of charges against and action taken to replace him, mention of other governors targetted for replacement; Potau appointed governor replacing interim replacement for Fueros; 'autos' from witnesses attesting under oath to Fueros' incompetence, negligence in office, ineffective handling of Indians in both peaceful and military situations (continued in sequence 5). (L. Kerr, February 1989)

(See preceding folios for establishment of issues discussed here.) Fueros informed of replacement, acknowledges arrival of Carmona, who is to occupy governorship of Coahuila until Gutierres available; Ugalde confronts Fueros with evidence of personal incompetency; Fueros' 'escolta' for trip to Mexico discussed; Fueros defends honor, counters accusations in lengthy missive to virrey (consists of 106 'capitulos' (folios 90-134), follows no obvious thematic sequence, possibly response to enumerated charges or specific 'borradores'), mentions political and military successes, explains actions regarding provincial and military affairs (names, places, campaigns mentioned), especially relations with Indians of the region (details vague), places blame for some errors elsewhere, notes weaknesses of men appointed to replace him, argues (#29, folio 104) that Ugalde's motive 'no Es otro que quitar a los que no Se conforman con su particular modo de pensar.' (issue continued in sequence 5) (L. Kerr, February 1989)

(See preceding folios for introduction to issue discussed in this precis.) Cazorla appointed interim governor of Coahuila, replacing Fueros, but Dies before installed; Gutierrez sought as alternate replacement, since unable to enter office immediately Fernandez appointed meantime to fulfill duties; includes collection of 'autos,' from Indians taken prisoner by Fueros' men, and 'autos' and letters from various residents and officials of province regarding state of province, general behavior of Fueros; reviews both favorable and not. (See sequence 3 for continuation of Saga.) (L. Kerr, February 1989)

Concerns planned campaign by Ugarte to Coahuila to determine true conditions and relations with Mescaleros, Lipanes and Gilenos in area. Provides locations of each tribe. Plans to meet with friendly Mescaleros and visit Lipan rancherias to remind them of previous friendship with Spanish. says Lipanes know him from days as governor and will respect his request to lay down arms. Ugarte plans to leave Diaz and Cordero in command during his absence. Virrey leave only one man in charge of each province because military should be responsible to only one leader. Includes letter by Sierra Gorda saying must offer reasonable conditions to Lipanes if requesting peace. Includes set of letters to Emparan giving him military advice. Collection of copies of letters sent to Ugarte describing present conditions of Mescaleros in Norte and Diaz' plans to unite nation when Ugalde's retreat is assured. Conditions reported by three governors. says Ugalde refused Lipan request for peace. Indians deny accusations of theft in Norte, saying soldiers could follow them to verify peaceful intentions. Describes results of Diaz' campaign with Mescaleros. Gilenos flee after attempts to contact. Mescaleros responsible for burning property and theft of cattle. Final report says Ugarte believed damages done by Gilenos until advised of theft of 1450 cows and murder of 22 soldiers by Mescaleros. Documents also discuss rumored death of several Indian capitans being held in Spanish prisons. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Concerns Ugarte's claims that Ugalde has misused authority by making extraordinary requests of officers under Ugalde's command. Also, Ugarte says presence of Ugalde's troops endangers present peaceful relations with Indians. Ugalde moving troops to El Paso where Mescaleros are formalizing a peace request. Virrey says Ugalde was told to keep governor of Coahuila informed and asks Ugarte to advise him of situation. Includes several oficios regarding Ugalde's presence there and a copy of Rengel's letter to Ugarte regarding summons to El Paso by Ugalde. Includes copies of Ugalde's requests for troops and horses. says Ugalde never conferred with him. Contains Arzes' account of movement of troops and geographic description of area and water sources. Provides number of people, ranches and governing leaders of Comanches and other tribes in area. Describes activities of and campaigns against Indian tribes in area. Provides dates of peace agreements. says needs more military supplies. Provides information regarding military and Indian losses and locations and activities of troops on certain dates. Contains several documents concerning Ugalde's request for horses. Following virrey's request, Ugarte agrees to sell correspondence due to perceived intrusion by Ugalde. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Concerns Ugarte's request for promotion to Mariscal de Campo, his personal history and present conditions under his command. Mentions his beginning as Cadete, previous positions and commanders and 56 years of service. Mentions success with Comanches and against Apaches. says Sonora most devoted to agriculture. Mentions peace with Chiricaquis. Includes copy of request for promotion from governor to comandante general. Virrey responds saying will not combine two comandancias under Ugarte's command but will recommend promotion to king. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Concerns events leading to present conditions in provincias under virrey's predecessor and explanation of Ugarte's difficulty with Ugalde. Detailed description of relations with several tribes. says displeasure arose from previous virrey's refusal to acknowledge Ugalde's insubordination and the serious setbacks suffered under his command. says Ugalde misguided Florez and violated many important peace pacts with Mescaleros. Provides description of conditions of Ovedsitas and Toacanas, enemies of Apaches. Mentions territories of tribes. says he established peace with Comanches who also assist in Apache destruction. Describes conditions of peace or war with different Apache branches. Mentions some tribes are Christian. Navajos have broken alliance with Gilenos and no longer conduct raids as was condition before comandancia was divided due to lack of knowledge of these relations. says this event offended Indians who returned to agression. says Texas and Coahuila should return under on command and Leon can defend with own troops led by governors. Includes personal history and mention of receipt of title from Galvez. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Concerns relations with Indians and infractions of peace agreements. says Apaches have acquired valuable knowledge and advantages possible only during peace yet do not practice peace. Move north or request peace. Ugalde requests permission to meet with translator, follow moving Indians and remedy present conditions. says Ugarte should imprison all denying peace at present since campaign difficult to initiate due to drought. says Texas can't provide cattle or horses to campaign and many dying from lack of water and grazing land. says this campaign to ensure compliance should not extend to Nueva Vizcaya where peace should not be offered. Virrey says campaign should begin soon after end of drought and warns Ugalde that Indians accepting peace should not be punished. Ugalde provides description of campaign and information on type and number of troops employed. Contains troop inventory and important campaign notes. Ugalde hoping for well-deserved promotion to brigadier based on mentioned accomplishments. Contains lengthy summary of merits and services of Ugalde, his Father and grandfather including family and military history in both new and old world. Includes participation in military events, appointments and mention of previous superiors. Virrey sends resume to king for response. Virrey approves Ugalde's temporary appointments. He delegated command of four provincias del oriente to Gutierrez and placed Echeagaray as inspector, men he highly praises. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Presents conditions under which Ugalde sought out Picax-Ande for assistance with campaign against Mescaleros. Ugalde attempted many times to discover picax-andes's true motives. Sent him out accompanied by troops which he did not readily accept. Describes picax-ande's position and territory - was gente general de Apacheria del oriente, an area determined by a line drawn along the Concho River and the mountains of Sibolo, Movano and Guadalupe. Valdes' reports indicate that Picax-Ande committed many infractions and encouraged other tribes to engage in raids against Spanish. Learned that Picax-Ande had offered to steal horses from military and meet with other tribes in Moras to distribute them. Ugalde suggests that with such evidence, granting peace to Lipiyanes is an error because, while they provide protection from Comanches, they conduct their own raids. Discusses need for serious military punishment for Indians in all areas who abuse good faith of Spanish. says it is necessary to deprive Lipiyanes of corrupt leader because they follow him blindly. Includes Valdez' diary as proof of Picax's infractions. Contains conversations with, observations and daily events of Indians. Ugalde proves that Lipiyanes and Mescaleros are related and describes activities attended by both. says Picax's wife is Alegre's Sister and Alegre's wife is Picax's Sister. Finally gives proof of horses and property stolen during supposed peace. Diary contains description of daily events, conversations with and observations of Indians. (M. Dannemiller, December 1988)