Military Campaigns

Concerns planned campaign by Ugarte to Coahuila to determine true conditions and relations with Mescaleros, Lipanes and Gilenos in area. Provides locations of each tribe. Plans to meet with friendly Mescaleros and visit Lipan rancherias to remind them of previous friendship with Spanish. says Lipanes know him from days as governor and will respect his request to lay down arms. Ugarte plans to leave Diaz and Cordero in command during his absence. Virrey leave only one man in charge of each province because military should be responsible to only one leader. Includes letter by Sierra Gorda saying must offer reasonable conditions to Lipanes if requesting peace. Includes set of letters to Emparan giving him military advice. Collection of copies of letters sent to Ugarte describing present conditions of Mescaleros in Norte and Diaz' plans to unite nation when Ugalde's retreat is assured. Conditions reported by three governors. says Ugalde refused Lipan request for peace. Indians deny accusations of theft in Norte, saying soldiers could follow them to verify peaceful intentions. Describes results of Diaz' campaign with Mescaleros. Gilenos flee after attempts to contact. Mescaleros responsible for burning property and theft of cattle. Final report says Ugarte believed damages done by Gilenos until advised of theft of 1450 cows and murder of 22 soldiers by Mescaleros. Documents also discuss rumored death of several Indian capitans being held in Spanish prisons. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Concerns Ugarte's claims that Ugalde has misused authority by making extraordinary requests of officers under Ugalde's command. Also, Ugarte says presence of Ugalde's troops endangers present peaceful relations with Indians. Ugalde moving troops to El Paso where Mescaleros are formalizing a peace request. Virrey says Ugalde was told to keep governor of Coahuila informed and asks Ugarte to advise him of situation. Includes several oficios regarding Ugalde's presence there and a copy of Rengel's letter to Ugarte regarding summons to El Paso by Ugalde. Includes copies of Ugalde's requests for troops and horses. says Ugalde never conferred with him. Contains Arzes' account of movement of troops and geographic description of area and water sources. Provides number of people, ranches and governing leaders of Comanches and other tribes in area. Describes activities of and campaigns against Indian tribes in area. Provides dates of peace agreements. says needs more military supplies. Provides information regarding military and Indian losses and locations and activities of troops on certain dates. Contains several documents concerning Ugalde's request for horses. Following virrey's request, Ugarte agrees to sell correspondence due to perceived intrusion by Ugalde. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Concerns agreements made by Ugarte and Ugalde and current conditions and military events in provincias. Concerns best plan for defense and cooperation in both areas. Discusses troop movement and relocation for mutual assistance. Informs virrey that to comply with his request, some companies and half of compania volante have been transferred to Ugalde leaving several areas very weak. says just as troops left, Mescaleros began raids. Mescaleros continue to raid although some troops not in use by Ugalde. says Ugalde has greatest portion of soldiers yet does not protect. Includes copies of correspondence with Ugalde. Sends virrey information regarding first positive effects of agreements. Describes movement of campaigns resulting in several deaths and dismembered ears as proof of same. says in three years, 1,336 documented deaths. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Concerns Ugarte's explanation for disagreements with Ugalde concerning method of defense for provincias. Ugarte agrees to remain in Chihuahua to meet with Ugalde. says both commanders should grant peace to Mescaleros in Nueva Vizcaya despite Ugalde's disapproval. Ugarte says Ugalde's information is incorrect and was gathered by ignorant people. says his own proof more reliable regarding controversial issues. Asks permission to send expediente directly to king. Asks virrey to review miserable results of Ugalde's campaign. Ugarte includes informe by Maynez relating peace request by Mescaleros. Maynez told messenger to return with food and tobacco as proof of intent while waiting for virrey's reply. Virrey denies request due to planned campaign by Ugalde to intimidate Indians in area. Orders Ugarte to maintain war against Gilenos. Discusses placement of his troops in different areas in north. Grants permission to send expediente. Asks Ugarte to set aside differences for good of provinces. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Contains account of campaign near Rio Grande in response to reported sighting and theft of 300 cows. Contains description of pursuit. As a result of campaign, Emparan discovers 20 murdered soldiers. Provides description of terrain and scene of raid. Emparan informs virrey and requests he recommend pensions for widows to king. Virrey requests information assuring that men died defending themselves. Provides list of soldier's names and complete testimonies of six witnesses. Witness accounts contain lengthy, detailed descriptions of battle scene including position of cadavers, bullet fragments, clothing and arms. Accounts relate probable action of soldiers and assurance that although greatly outnumbered, none fled. Ugarte signs testimonies and certifies that proper paper for autos was unavailable; use of alternate paper required due to urgency of matter. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Concerns conditions in Leon and complaints by Vaamonde regarding virrey's judgement. says if troops not returned to Leon, will no longer be responsible for safety of province. Describes theft of crops by hostile Indians. says that at virrey's request he made several suggestions which received no reply. Was told by Revilla that combination of his troops with others would provide a peace allowing for commerce, exploration, mining and agriculture. Seeing no results in any areas, Vaamonde feels troops being wasted and his personal efforts continue to go unheeded. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Summary of information presented in following folios concerning activities in Leon. Vaamonde says that Ugalde's attacks on peaceful rancherias makes Indians focus on vengeance. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Espadas desires to punish Carancahuazes who, along with others, have exhibited increasingly cruel hostilities. Espadas has made attacks resulting in several injured and murdered Indians. Includes oficios from commanding officers describing campaign, its causes and results. Contains description of assaults and robberies by Indians. says civilians Volunteered for campaign and Indians from missions served as spies to explore territory. During attack many Indians escaped into rivers. explains need for six military boats for use from Nueces where Indians make summer home on fertile Isle to Varada, their winter home. Virrey responds saying attacks by Apaches and others would be less severe if Ugalde would cooperate with Ugarte. says resentments greatly displease him and orders him to loan troops to provide best service to king. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Concerns relations with Indians and infractions of peace agreements. says Apaches have acquired valuable knowledge and advantages possible only during peace yet do not practice peace. Move north or request peace. Ugalde requests permission to meet with translator, follow moving Indians and remedy present conditions. says Ugarte should imprison all denying peace at present since campaign difficult to initiate due to drought. says Texas can't provide cattle or horses to campaign and many dying from lack of water and grazing land. says this campaign to ensure compliance should not extend to Nueva Vizcaya where peace should not be offered. Virrey says campaign should begin soon after end of drought and warns Ugalde that Indians accepting peace should not be punished. Ugalde provides description of campaign and information on type and number of troops employed. Contains troop inventory and important campaign notes. Ugalde hoping for well-deserved promotion to brigadier based on mentioned accomplishments. Contains lengthy summary of merits and services of Ugalde, his Father and grandfather including family and military history in both new and old world. Includes participation in military events, appointments and mention of previous superiors. Virrey sends resume to king for response. Virrey approves Ugalde's temporary appointments. He delegated command of four provincias del oriente to Gutierrez and placed Echeagaray as inspector, men he highly praises. (M. Dannemiller, February 1989)

Presents conditions under which Ugalde sought out Picax-Ande for assistance with campaign against Mescaleros. Ugalde attempted many times to discover picax-andes's true motives. Sent him out accompanied by troops which he did not readily accept. Describes picax-ande's position and territory - was gente general de Apacheria del oriente, an area determined by a line drawn along the Concho River and the mountains of Sibolo, Movano and Guadalupe. Valdes' reports indicate that Picax-Ande committed many infractions and encouraged other tribes to engage in raids against Spanish. Learned that Picax-Ande had offered to steal horses from military and meet with other tribes in Moras to distribute them. Ugalde suggests that with such evidence, granting peace to Lipiyanes is an error because, while they provide protection from Comanches, they conduct their own raids. Discusses need for serious military punishment for Indians in all areas who abuse good faith of Spanish. says it is necessary to deprive Lipiyanes of corrupt leader because they follow him blindly. Includes Valdez' diary as proof of Picax's infractions. Contains conversations with, observations and daily events of Indians. Ugalde proves that Lipiyanes and Mescaleros are related and describes activities attended by both. says Picax's wife is Alegre's Sister and Alegre's wife is Picax's Sister. Finally gives proof of horses and property stolen during supposed peace. Diary contains description of daily events, conversations with and observations of Indians. (M. Dannemiller, December 1988)