Military Campaigns

Series of documents dealing with Indian and military Lipanes; peace treaty between Spaniards and Lipanes de Arriba (points of the treaty are included); campaigns against Lipanes de Abajo; capture of Indians who are giving up their weapons and surrender in the presidios; Indian women are taken prisoners; trade of weapons between Indian groups; alliance of Spaniards with subdued Indians; unconditional surrender of Indians who later are used in mission's agriculture; permits and passports given to Indian allies to negotiate with Indians rebels (Lipanes de Abajo); Indians express unhappiness due to extreme harassment by Spanish commander; Indian surrenders who had stabbed a military official. This document presents a diversity of problems and other military concerns with respect to the Indians. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Series of documents concerning inprisonment of Indians who came to surrender, Zapato Sax is regarded as a Lipan leader; Pacheco suspected Indian informer is captured by one soldier in town; convoy left in pursuit of Indians who stole some horses from hacienda; Indians return some horses previously stolen to Spaniards; weapons and ammunitions are given to military officials; Ugarte y Loyola, reports on treaty negociated with Lipanez Indians (document is a letter which mentions some of regulations Indians were going to be subjected to. Indians were incorporated to missions. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Concerns conflict of authority between military officials; woman is kept in captivity; Indians complain of mistreatment by Munoz and ask for his removal so problems between Indians and Spaniards will stop; very detailed narration of Indians being killed by government troops who went in their pursuit, indio Tomas is interrogated under oath, he describes how Indians survived and attacked the Spaniards; Indian prisoner gives account of how Indians planned attack against Spaniards, some Indian nations colluded to attack Spaniards in conjunction and trade items among themselves; report on Indian child being interrogated by Spaniard (text of the interrogation is included); diaries of the pursuit of Indians is sent to the viceroy, chart about the final result of the campaign is included here, chart shows number of Indians and soldiers who were killed in combat, ammunition, weapons used, horses, mules etc.; governor certifies the public exhibition of genitals and limbs of Indians killed in combat during campaign; letter is sent to the viceroy praising heroic action of captain Bustamante against Indian rebels in Palo Blanco; chart showing the general military status of San Antonio de Bexar, chart includes list of military officials and soldiers, horses, mules and different kinds of weapons; statistical chart showing population of the pueblos of Nuevo Santander, its missions and population in every city and town; complete review is carried out of the presidios of the province of Nuevo Santander, report about the visita is sent to the viceroy, report takes into account physical aspects, military conditions, troop's health situation, description of the valleys, rivers and strategic position of presidios. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Concerns reports about two Indian (Capitancillos) prisoners of Spaniards in San Fernando, Castro suspect Indians are spies; troops engage in pursuit of Indians who stole horses and cows; Pacheco Indian is threatened with being beheaded if he does not confess. (M. Marroquin, December 1988)

Repetitive documents, little information; describes troop movements, campaign to eradicate Indians that have been attacking near Mobanito. F.544 Gutierrez negotiates peace with Lipanes (dealing with Natage) at San Fernando. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Four letters discussing same topic of Lipan pacification. Borica suggests sending reinforcements to Norte against invasion Lipanes are planning, according to info from Mescalero Capitancillos, who ask defense of their camps if necessary. He suggests using Opatas, other Sonoran troops to conquer Quegocac's camp, only one still hostile. Mescalero Capitancillos give proof of their friendship with Spaniards by Murdering two Lipan families of Pino-blanco's camp that had come to deal peace agreements; Spanish plan to retract their support in light of such barbarous action. Lipanes are divided, some wanting to stay at war, some wishing reconciliation. Mention of method suggested by Diaz for conquering Lipanes preferring war. F.441 is considerably bright. F.445 begins to speak of christianizing Apaches. Mentions need to obstruct trade between Lipanes and Indians further north. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Letter from Galvez to Croix (copy to Bonilla) concerning auxiliaries to be sent to aid governor of Luisiana, tactics for destroying Indians. States that it is impossible to wage war by traditional european methods against these enemies, this terrain. Describes Indians' advantages, battle tactics. (A. Dean, October 1989)

Continuation Cordero's report concerning pacified mescalleros, their interaction with troops, citizens in Paso and Norte; Uranga's account of weapons, munitions distribution. Summary of report trading with Indians upheld; thefts committed by Indians of isolated rancherias, Apaches Faraones of the Sierras de Sacramento, Guadalupe, Blancas, Diablo; troop number should be increased to deter rebellion, pursue and punish thieves; Indian disunity should be encouraged, loyal Indians should participate in actions against rebels. Nava's report to Revilla charges of misconduct, illegal weapons trade by troops; Cuerno Verde only Mescallero Rancheria believed involved in thefts; account of marquez stock transactions with Indians and troop under Ugalde's command; Picax-Ande only one in Norte to petition for peace; Lipanes present only when Emmisary Bilansatliche petitioned for peace; supports Cordero's recommendations for increased vigilance; men sent to Guanajuato, Paso; organizing for punitive action against Apaches Faraones. Revilla Gigedo acknowledges receipt of Nava's report recognizing need of measures outlined to punish thieves and maintain peace. (J. Higgins. April, 1989)

Brief index of volume 170 compiled in 1883. Castro's 127 point harangue of viceroy's efforts to establish peace with Lipanes; reiterates prior criticisms, cites correspondence with king. Contends peace plans contradict prior orders issued by viceroy, his predecessors, real reglamento of presidios, opinions of commanders Croix, Neve, Ugalde, Ugarte y Loyola. Questions Revilla Gigedo and Nava's understanding, knowledge of Indians. Maintains no benefit Santander under Caudillo Sox; Apache Lipanes hostilities in Bexar toward Comanches, other friendly tribes; their attack on Castro at Santa Rosa. Sees Nava's negotiation with Orizaba Lipanes as expensive capitulation detracting from army's ability to protect citizens. Favors exterminating Lipanes, cites Galvez plan to pit tribes against each other, increase troop numbers. States Comanches Soquina, Soxaes and followers committed to friendship with Spain, war against Lipanes despite mistreatment by Munoz. (J. Higgins, March 1989)