Military Campaigns

Letter recommending Barcia for merit for stopping illicit trade. Concerns regulations on sale of frontier land. Taxes on tobacco. Distribution of arms to towns most prone to Indian attacks. Describes events of Indian war. Two reports describing firsthand, in great detail, events of two small battles between Indians and soldiers. (A. Dean, January 1989)

Document announcing Medina succeeding Echeagaray as governor, April 1779. Discusses movements of Destacamento de Laredo. Warns Croix of Apache hostility. Concerns pacification of Pisonas. (A. Dean, January 1989)

Series of documents dealing with Ugalde's military campaigns against Mescaleros, Comanches, Lipanes, and Lipiyanes in Coahuila. Discussion of Ugalde's arrival to Coahuila and his survey of the area in preparation for his campaign; he is informed of combats with Comanches, and there is a good description of the military tactics employed by the Indians; there is also reference to trade between soldiers and Comanches after battle. Ugalde sends detailed diary of his campaigns to viceroy. Lists number of soldiers employed, as well as the number and types of weapons used in the expedition; clothing of Indian auxiliaries are described, as well as amount and type of food required by soldiers and Indian auxiliaries; there is good discussion of the mass given before departure of troops, as well as the use of an effigy of the virgin of Guadalupe in order to receive divine assistance. Ugalde also informs of problems associated with lack of water and death of many horses. He gives a good description of the area referring to the many rivers, lakes, aguajes, and mountains encountered in his path. Includes summary of all Indians that were killed, injured, and taken captives, and of all tribes that sought peace. He complains many Mescaleros fled to presidio del norte where they were given refuge, and that this diminishes to some extent, all the gains made in the campaign. In other letters the viceroy approves of Ugalde's actions and requests more cooperation between Ugarte and Ugalde. (J. Tapia, October, 1987)

Continuation of ff. 0305-0356. (J. Tapia, October, 1987)

Series of letters in which viceroy Florez gives specific orders dealing with Mescaleros. He orders all Mescaleros to move to Coahuila, so they could be better controlled by Ugalde. He orders that all Mescaleros found in Nueva Viscaya should be combated. Viceroy divides the comandancia general into two. One under Ugarte and the other under Ugalde for better control of area. He orders both comanding generals to get together and cooperate in the war against Mescaleros. He distrusts all Apaches and wants them to be treated badly so that they will obey the Spaniards. Most letters deal with viceroy's animosity toward the Mescaleros and his desire to exterminate them. (J. Tapia, October, 1987)

Series of documents dealing with the Mescalero revolt in Cohahuila. Discussion of sending troops and Indian auxiliaries to chase rebels. There is discussion of the factors leading to the revolt, such as bad treatment, unkept promises, etc. Also discussion that some Indians remained loyal to Spaniards. (J. Tapia, September, 1987)

Series of documents dealing with the resettlement of peaceful Mescalero Apaches. Discussion of animosity between Mescaleros and Gilenos. Other letters deal with Ugarte's dissatisfaction with Ugalde's treatment of Mescaleros. Argues that Ugalde lies with respect to many matters concerning such Indians. Letter of February 16, 1788 discussion of Ugalde's threats to Indians; Ugarte complains that Ugalde can not be controlled. Letter of January 31, 1788 discussion of Ugalde's request that all peaceful Mescaleros move to Coahuila or he will move them by force; Mescaleros are upset and some Gilenos want them to revolt against Spaniards. Other letters report on good behavior of Mescaleros. (J. Tapia, September, 1987)

Series of documents dealing with the pacification of the Mescalero Apaches. Discussion of methods to assist them in sedentary agricultural life, and Apaches complain they like to move around in their hunting and gathering ways of life. There is also discussion of restricting Indian movements by requiring travel permits. there is also discussion of the revolt of some Mimbrenos and Mescaleros in which some soldiers were killed; Ugarte mobilizes his troops and some Indian auxiliaries in attempt to control rebel Indians. In some letters there is also discussion of fomenting animosity between the different Indian groups so they can be better controlled. (J. Tapia, September, 1987)

Series of documents dealing with the bad attitude of Ugalde towards the Indians. Ugarte complains to viceroy that Ugalde ignores peace treaties with the Mescaleros and continues to attack them. Mescaleros upset and mistrust the Spaniards. Letter of September 13, 1787, Ugalde gives detailed description of his attacks on the Indians; he argues they should not be thrusted, and they only seek peace when they are about to be exterminated. Good description of Aguajes and Parajes of the area. (J. Tapia, September, 1987)

Series of documents concerning peace treaties with Mescaleros. Discussion of specific relations to be maintained with Indians. Letter of February 12, 1787, discussion of costs of relocating Indians near presidios. Letter of April 27, 1787, discussing new Indian settlements and their subsistence methods. Concern that Indians may not adapt to agriculture due to tradition of gathering wild plants and hunting animals. Letter of April 13, 1787, Ugarte is informed that some peaceful Indians were attacked by soldiers from Cohaguila. Much discussion on the reasons for Ugalde to attack peaceful Indians. Ugarte and his officials worry that Indians will mistrust them due to this attack. Military officials attempt to pacify Indians by giving them gifts and offering to protect them from other Indians. Letter may 1, 1787, Ugarte is informed Indians request release of Indians captured by Ugalde. Letter of September 7, 1787, discussion of maintaining animosity between different Indian groups so that they can be controlled better. (J. Tapia, September, 1987)