Indians (Pacification)

Repetitious Series of testimonies pertaining to case against Gonzalez Santianes for failing to contain Indian depredations robbery and murder against small Villas and Ranchos. Notes that Texas Indians seem particularly well provisioned with powder, munitions and guns, perhaps supplied by foreign power(S). Includes undetailed account of discovery of unspecified number of English or French victims of Indian raid near Rio Grande. Includes Series of testimonies of conditions of extreme poverty that Indian raids against livestock have caused. Inhabitants of Villa Mier petition for exemption of payment of Alcabala taxes as Indian raids have left the town destitute. Much discussion by officials on whether to Lower Alcabala for entire province. Includes lists of horses stolen from various towns in area. (A. Tukey, July 1989)

Gonzalez Santianes defends himself against accusations of failing been a long history of Indian hostilities in the area dating long before his command. Contends that Indians in area have been reduced, but that they continually engage in robberies against missions because missionaries often renig on promises of payment for labor services, and otherwise mistreat Indians. Contends that frequency and level of raids under his administration have been exagerrated, and that all such acts have been adequately responded to with military force. (A. Tukey, July 1989)

Extremely repetitive Series of complaints by Noriega and Sierra gorada to viceroy for failure of Gonzalez de Santianes to respond to Indian raid against San Juan hacienda with troops from nearby guarniciones at Soto la Maria and Santillana, and for general lack of vigor in pacifying Indians in Nuevo Santander. Includes Series of testimonies corroborating above accusations by missionaries in area. (A. Tukey, July 1989)

Summary of testimonies about Escandon's record in completing orders to pacify and reduce Indians and settle Nuevo Santander by officers and settlers and their charges against him. Funds spent, mistreatment of Indians, assassination of 5 capitans, use of Indians to work Escandon's land, build his Palace, and increase his wealth. Real cedula ordering pacification of Nuevo Santander delayed in its completion. Activities of Escandon include use of military funds, Indians reduction, founding of 14 settlements with population count of number and families and troops in each (f.8); plus 6 more settlements founded which were not in original budget of 115,000p. Complaint of not achieving increased agricultural production in spite of having fertile land, water; availability of minerals and salt. History of Escandon's earlier military record, reopening of missions. Problems resulting from drought. Espenses of military salaries and sinodos to missionaries. Annual costs in pacification process. Cost of settling 15 families from canary islands in Texas (ff.17). Organization of troops and distribution among settlements; distribution of lands. Difficulty of defending property under Indian hostilities. Complaint that Escandon's soldiers instead of gathering Indians together killed them inhumanely when they asked for peace. Murder by capitan trasieria and soldiers of slave and silversmith not punished or investigated by Escandon; Escandon named capitans and paid them salaries of 500p. (ff.33). Alvares' attempts at populating Rio Verde, movement of people, costs, problems with hostile Indians, mosquito plague (ff.56) order not to let Laredo capitan admit Apaches even though they offered peace (ff.57). Escandon prohibited commerce; payed soldiers in goods. Mining of silver without paying royal fifth (ff.63). Escandon has made few or no reducciones since 1746. List of 9 places on coast where Escandon says he has reduced total of 1,258 Indians and gives names of ethnic groups and number baptised in each location (ff.64). Service record of Escandon since he began service in Yucatan, distinguished service in Sierra Gorda as sargento mayor, teniente until 1746 (ff.68). Provides total inventory of livestock in 20 settlements. Movement of Escandon (Villa), Reynosa, and Burgos settlers to new Parajes (nuezes, Tetillas, Encinos). Molina reinstated as capitan; Barbara Resendi's complaints against Escandon (ff.83)(ff125). Charges against fray Garcia as being hipocrite receiving double salary (ff.91) description of reason for failure of mission for Cocos in San Saba due to murder of missionaries (ff.112). Apaches do not want to be reduced, only want peace and commerce with Spanish (ff.113). Even when they offer peace, Escandon gives them motives to be insolent. Murder at Rancheria of smallpox infected and other Indians by capitan went unpunished (ff.120). Massacre of Janambres on road to Horcasitas (ff 121). Paz not punished for murder of Indians (ff.122). Guevarra's murder of reduced Indians of mission of Santander unpunished. Cordova's mistreatment of Indians in Rio Frio (ff.124). Use of Indians Sihui, janambre as work force, Indian death due to hard labor (ff.125). Attempt to reduce Pames threatening to drive them to the coast. Indians paid 4p month plus rations for corn growing and also grew their own crops (ff.131). Escandon allowed people exemption from debts in order to populate settlements. Escandon's appointing as capitans convicted murder. Escandon refused to release Sanches Borriego who was involved in riot of Coahuila to Serma. Two destructions of Pizones' church in Santa Rossa and Taumave missions. Taking of Indian lands to give to Carmelita priests for 10 years. No payment of Diezmos for farmland; Diezmos payments of hollas, Mier, and Revilla. Escandon nor captain Vasques Borrego payed Diezmos for their large cattle haciendas. Gives cost of campaign against Indians of north and Apaches who attacked Taguacanas. Defense of Escandon's choice of capitans and families to populate settlement in that it is difficult to find cultivated people like those from the capital--they must come from the provinces. Description of Tanambre November 1754 destruction of mission Ruvoroso near Escandon; only 4 escaped including missionary. Complaint of Tanambres robbing, Murdering. Escandon captured tamambre rebles and sent them to Querataro prison. Tamambres and Tonases sent to Querataro as labors, servants and for convents. Marcos Molino's case in which he worked for Hidalgo for 15 years without payment. (ff.163) use of hard labor as punishment as well as death sentence. (L. L. Woodward, November 1988)

Series of documents dealing with review of accounting records and archives left by Riperda during his administration. Valdez is recommended by Castro as Alferez de Monclova for his long experience in war against Indians. Letter discussing pensions for widows of soldiers killed in campaigns. Villegas got killed in campaign against Lipanes. Nunez widow asks for pension to support her children. Gutierrez de la Cueva asks for degree of Colonel. Alba is appointed to presidio of Rio Grande. Cedula de Invalidos granted to soldiers from Nuevo Santander. Cedula de invalido granted to Alderete. Notices of control de Alcabalas given. (M. Marroquin, March 1989)

Notification or remittance of weapons and gunpowder to presidios of San Diego and Monterrey. Hijosa's notification about the number of prisoners in San Blas jail. Bucareli's directions to de Anza as to how he is ordered to conduct Rio de San Francisco military occupation. The document includes specifications concerning the number of soldiers, civil population, financial support, priests, as well as presents for the Indians. (R. Gomez, September 1989)

Series of documents on military actions against Indians. Thanks are given to Murgier for bringing Indians under control. Fray gives appreciation for what has been done to pacify Indians. Notice about Indians who left mission of Croix. Regards sent to Murgier for controlling Indians. Indians left to the Sierra of Tamaulipas to hide away. Suggestion is made that Indian rebels should be hung and their heads cut off as an example to others. Transfer of prisoners to another prison by Puga. Diaz expresses compassion for Indians in Croix. Escandon reports illness due to hard Weather conditions. Murgier is praised by Bujanos for personal commitment to his soldiers. (M. Marroquin, March1989)

Diary of Munoz 1773 speaks of past local Tepehuane revolts in Zape, tizonara, which did not involve entire Indian nation. Arms pacified revolts, restored peace. Briefly mentions other reduccioners provoked by Indian petty crimes and depredations-emphasizes that entire nation not affected. States that converted Apaches are responsible for San Bartholome and Cosiguriachi raids--not unconverted Apaches. Queipo de Llano, noting that 90 Indian prisoners cannot realistically be dealt with, suggests punishment of ring leaders alone and publication of castigation to Tarahumaras as a warning. (S. Gibbs, September 1989)

Fayni tells Bucareli of Apache-Tarahumara union and joint depredations near Chihuahua 1772-75. Bucareli notes that because laws protect Indians, individual sedicion is preferable to mass reduccion. Request that Indian prisoners be moved from overcrowded Chihuahua jail to Guadalaxara for confessions. expresses intent to construct more jails. (S. Gibbs, September 1989)

Series of autos and testimonies about military activities undertaken in the area of Guajuquilla, frontiers of Colotlans, to convert Tovoso and Zacatecas Indians. Testimonies taken to Indian leaders and civil government officials to certify legitimacy of troops' activities in conquest Indians. Testimonies mention how religion was used to convert Indians. Lists of military personnel included within some autos. (document is very repetitive). (M. Marroquin, June 1989)